The Stonewall Riots of 1969 Jumpstarted the Gay Movement...

There are certainly various points in history that can be construed as trailblazing for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. One event in particular, however, sparked awareness and a call to action that previously could never have been conceptualized in the United States. This unforgettable incident, the Stonewall riots of 1969, altered the public’s view of the gay community and arguably jumpstarted the next revolution in an entirely new civil rights movement. In the wee hours of June 28th, 1969, members of the gay community were forced to enter a string of intense protests when the New York City Police began to raid the Stonewall Inn, a popular hangout spot for drag queens and members of the LGBT community, in Greenwich†¦show more content†¦#2 The late Harvey Milk once said, â€Å"If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door.† The concept of one’s â€Å"coming out† story is often thought of as a single life-changing moment in which all instances and experimental experiences from one’s life prior to affirming a new identity are deemed insignificant when one permanently takes on the role of said identity, which is also referred to as â€Å"passing.† However, many researchers argue that this is simply not the case. Antithetically, some individuals contend that nobody is ever truly â€Å"out,† as he or she will be forced to continue affirming their identities t o nearly everyone he or she encounters throughout life. In â€Å"Epistemology of the Closet,† an in-depth analysis of the preconceived notions that accompany coming out, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick radically asserts that the closet is the single delineating obstacle representing gay oppression and that there really is no such thing as a â€Å"stable† identity. Accentuating the fact that there is a clear distinction between the private and public sphere, cleverly, Sedgwick also relates ideas regarding the closet and gay disclosure to Jewish identity, explored heavily in the Book of Esther. This is perhaps one of the most noteworthy aspects of her essay, as Sedgwick takes a predominantly intersectional approach in her study, linking one’s

The Bracero Program - 2140 Words

The Bracero Program The extraordinary Mexican migration that delivered millions of immigrants to the United States over the past century is one difficult to ignore. At times the border did not exist, however in more recent times the US has created policies to curb Mexican migration into the states. The relationship the US has with it’s southern neighbor has always been a complicated one. Both countries have a relationship like no other two countries in this world, in which depending on the time period is a give and take relationship. Each group of immigrants have their own story about coming to America, but none quite like the stories of Mexican immigrants. The Bracero Program, planted the seeds of Mexican migration between 1942 and 1964. An estiminated 4 million of Mexican men were contracted to work in the United States as part of a war effort called the Bracero Program.Of the millions U.S. Mexicans, who self-identified as being of Mexican, trace their family’s arrival to the United Sta tes to a Bracero.Cheap and foreign labor has always played an important role in the development of agriculture in the United States. And for the first time, an official program for migrant farm workers was developed and Mexican ‘Braceros’ - Bracero loosely translates into â€Å"arms†- flocked to the United States in order to harvest crops. The most important concept to understand about the Bracero Program, was that these men were not seen as humans, but instead as commodities that should beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Bracero Program692 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bracero Program The Bracero Program was a temporary contract labor program initiated in 1942 by the United States and Mexico. 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Were these workersRead MoreThe Benefits Of Mexican Government Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagesinitial concerns. After the signing of his agreement the recruitment stations were created. The braceros were recruited in Ciudad Juarez across from El Paso, Texas. The recruitment sites became crowded of Mexicans who were unemployed and wanted to go to the U.S. to work. Although the braceros that were chosen were those who had agricultural experience many other Mexicans who were unable to obtain a bracero permit bribed the official s into selecting them. Many individuals who were not able to obtainRead More Cesar Chavez: A Great Organizer and Leader Essays2055 Words   |  9 Pagesprevious to 1964 were often unsuccessful because of the Bracero program that was implemented by both the United States and Mexican governments. Farm owners encouraged this program because of labor shortages during wartime, but by the 1950’s the Bracero workers were being used to undercut wages and break strikes by the migrant workers. This caused migrant workers to keep a low profile because anyone who went on strike could be replaced by a Bracero (Tajada-Flores). Cesar Chavez was an advocate of nonviolenceRead MoreLiterature Review : Wage Suppression / Bracero Program1424 Words   |  6 PagesElsa Gomez Pena Professor Murshid POSC 349B 02 November 2015 Literature Review: Wage Suppression/Bracero Program In a capitalist society, profit maximization is the primary concern of firms and corporations. Because wages are a deduction from profit, one often reads in our texts and other articles inspired by Marx that wage can never be low enough for capital. 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The second wave of immigrant influx occurred during 1942 to 1964, with the introduction of the Bracero Program, recognized as the first governmental action taken to regulate Mexican immigration into the United States. (Zong Batalova, 2014) The word â€Å"Bracero† was a term coined to the migrant workers, describing â€Å"strong-armed men† from the Spanish word â€Å"brazo† which translates to â€Å"arm.† Although this act was seemingly portrayedRead MoreThe Mexican Revolutionary War On America845 Words   |  4 Pagesthat created the Bracero Program. (?) This program contracted experienced workers to work only temporarily in the United States, leaving their families behind in order to get ahead in life and be able to provide for their families. Despite past events in Mexican immigration 4.6 millions of Mexicans still came to America through the Bracero Program between 1942 and 1964, this helped out the United States economy tremendously. As stated by Kelly Lytle Hernandez â€Å"the Bracero Program within the contextRead MoreImmigration Policies During Mexican Immigration Across The Border From The Mid 20th Century Into The 21st Century1627 Words   |  7 Pagesborder from the mid-20th cen tury into the 21st century? This report is centralized around two main arguments. The first argument accounts for the ineffectiveness of the United States’ original 20th century Immigration and Nationality Acts and work programs for Mexican migrants, as they contributed to the gradual rise in Mexican immigration trends from the 1940s-1990s. This is validated by the negative effects of the numerical restrictions of the policies and the lack of control over illegal businessRead MoreStrawberry Fields by Miriam Wells1172 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment plays an immense role on how things are structured in the fields in order to make a profit based on capitalism. Wells’ argument of capitalism being an unjust system due to politics affecting the class structure and workforce through the Bracero program, enactment of the Alien Land Law, and the return to sharecropping is quite strong even though there is a weakness in her argument due to her straying from the topic at hand and not offering an argument for the capitalist side. Wells establishes

J.S. Bach Flute Sonata in B Minor the Development of the Baroque Flute Free Essays

J. S. Bach Flute Sonata in B minor (BWV 1030): the development of the Baroque Flute, the flautists and the music Johann Sebastian Bach (J. We will write a custom essay sample on J.S. Bach Flute Sonata in B Minor: the Development of the Baroque Flute or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Bach) is no doubt one of the greatest composers of all times. He composed many works for flute including works for solo flute, flute with harpsichord and/or continuo and, two flutes and harpsichord. However, there has been a controversy, over the flute works, whether they were composed solely by the composer, assisted by someone or under the guidance of J. S. Bach. In addition, some scholars doubted that some of works are not written for flute and they are actually transcribed for flute by the composer. Especially, the Sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) raises most number of controversies. The J. S. Bach flute compositions are standard repertoire for the flute even today. As a professional flute player, it is very important to have comprehensive knowledge on the background of these works because they directly affect the way of interpreting them. By reviewing the development of Baroque flute and analyzing the time period of the compositions would greatly help flutists to have a deeper understanding on these important repertoire in flute especially the B minor sonata (BWV 1030). The development of the instrument, Baroque flute, plays no doubt very important role on influencing the work written for it. The difference in range, tonality, mechanisms greatly affect the compositions written for it. Unlike other wind instruments, the Baroque flute was developed later than others. Since it is made differently, it is definitely impossible to apply the styles of other instruments on the Baroque flute. Some research suggested that J. S. Bach has little familiarity of the flute and flute players because, although the style of the compositions are similar to the other pieces of the composer, the flute works do not show that he understands the characteristic and the quality of the instrument. 1 And, the lack of knowledge of the flute would probably be because the composer did not listen much works for flute and meet flutists in where he worked. As mentioned above, the development of Baroque Flutes has great impact on how the pieces were written for it. Consequently, it is impossible to overlook this element when doing this research. â€Å"Flute† is a general term for a large and diverse woodwind instrumental family of which players blow air across the surface of any hollow object to produce sound. The appearance of the instrument, not only in western music, is found all over the globe like di-zi in China. 2 In Western music, flute plays an important role from ancient Greek music to contemporary music nowadays. The design, uses and playing styles keep changing even today. As one of the oldest instruments in Western music, â€Å"flutes† first appear in a picture of a shepherd playing the flute from the sermons of St Gregory of Nazianzus in a manuscript of early eleventh century. 3 It is mostly associated with nature and pastoral life. In Renaissance, flute was one of the instruments in mixed ensemble. More importantly, it played a notable role in sacred concerti or sacred symphonies. Johann Hermann Schein (1586-1630), one of J. S. Bach’s predecessors, composed seven ensemble works that featured a transverse flute which is always assigned to the second voice. This tradition went on to the Baroque era and solo flute works became more popular from 1670. There were large changes in its mechanisms. The new instrument is now built in three or four sections instead of one piece; it is modified from a large cylindrical bore to a conical bore in which the diameter of the headpiece was greater than the foot piece which improves the tuning of the upper notes; most importantly, one key was added in the foot piece so there is an extra note which the little finger of the right hand cannot reach originally and it produces the new note d#’. These inventions are very important. However, there is a common misunderstand, however, regarding â€Å"the flute† as a single instrument. In fact, it refers to an instrumental family in the Baroque Period. There are, generally speaking, eight different kinds of flutes including concert flute, descant flute and flute d’amour. Different kinds of flutes appeared in different pitches. 5 In the music that Bach wrote for flute, he did not, like all the composers at that period of time, specify the type of flute they writing for. In addition, there is a possibility that different flutes were used in different performances. All flutes were written as if they were in the key of D especially in the first quarter of the 18th century. As a result, it is difficult to judge which flute the composer had in mind from the music. 6 In the journal â€Å"J. S. Bach’s Compositions for Solo Flute: A Reconsideration of Their Authenticity and Chronology† by Robert L. Marshall, he suggests: â€Å"It is still widely believed that Bach wrote eight works for the solo flute. But the view that has prevailed among Bach specialists for the past fifteen years is that the rather similar Sonatas for flute and harpsichord obbligato in G Minor (BWV I020) and E Flat Major (BWV io31) were probably composed by someone else-most likely Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach–and that the Sonata in C Major for flute and continuo (BWV 1033) was written by one-or two-of Bach’s students (one of them, again, might have been Emanuel Bach), presumably in part under the composer’s active supervision and intervention. † 7 This suggestion probably comes from the lack of normal musical style in his writing. Moreover, his writing shows no understanding of the qualities of the instrument. However, this argument seems invalid when considering the type of flute Bach was written for. The first flute solo work by Bach, Partita in a minor (BWV 1013), was written between about 1720 and 1730. He was one of the first German composers who started composing music for solo flute. This may be stimulated by the new four-piece design of the Baroque flute. The instrument has an advanced feature to have an extended footjoint giving the note c’ however, Bach did not use this new feature in his B minor flute sonata (BWV 1030). Also, its middle joint has different length and can be replaced so that the pitch of the instrument can be altered to accommodate different pitches in different areas. Moreover, it now has a clearer and accurate tone. Fast passages and big leaps can now be played with ease. 8 This is probably one of the reasons why there are more compositions for solo flute. In addition to the development of the instrument, flautists’ involvement plays another crucial role in flute music composition. Bach first work with flute players in Cothen. The Prince of Cothen happened to be a keen musician ho was not in favor of elaborate church music, so Bach concentrated on instrumental music. Interestingly, the flautists were considered assets to the court because the salaries of the flautists in the courts were around three times higher than other musician. And, in this Cothen period (1717-1723), flute appeared as a solo instrument in his Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (1719) and the B minor Suite for f lute (BWV 1067). 9 Later, the â€Å"violinlization† of music in Paris was taken place of which a style characterized by constant semiquaver and arpeggiated passagework in Dresden. This style was achieved by the new Baroque flute. Bach moved to Leipzig in 1723 and he met new flautists there and started composing a large amount of flute chamber music. They begin with the Flute sonata in E minor (BWV 1034) dated c. 1724. Then, the later works are the C major (c. 1731), Eb major (1730-34), B minor and A major sonatas (c. 1736). These pieces seem match well with the larger-bored four-joint flutes with the most effective range. 10 However, two of Bach’s flute chamber works do raised some questions with the fact that if they were written for flute because there is more than one score written by the composer and they seem not written for flute. They are the sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) and sonata in G minor (BWV 1020). The sonata BWV 1030 is the most important one. There are two scores written for the keyboard part, one in B minor and the other one in G minor. Some Oboists claimed that the G minor is the original version of the sonata for oboe and it is transposed for flute later in B minor. However, there is evidence that flute was a transposing instrument and there is no reason for Bach to write two separate version of music for different instrument. But, as mentioned before, Baroque flute is a family of instruments. There is a possibility that the piece is written for flute but that is not the concert flute. Every instrument’s ideal sound is to emulate the â€Å"singing quality† of the human voice – the music was written in a range that more suitable in lower range flutes. The sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) particularly has a strong vocal quality which may suggests that the flute part is actually written for the flute d’amour. Like his Church Cantatas, the flute obbligatos part is intended for the d’amour. 11 Flute d’amour is an alto instrument tuned to D at French Chamber pitch. It sounds a major or minor 3rd below the normal pitch of harpsichords, and played at transpositions. But, this is a French tradition of transposing the pieces in the â€Å"Clef francoise† with the G on the bottom line. As a result, Bach wrote two separate scores for the flute and keyboard parts in his flute sonata in G minor based on the â€Å"Clef italienne†. It is understood by the flautists who worked with Bach and they should recognize it at a glance. 12 To conclude, the B minor flute sonata (BWV 1030) by Bach is written for flute, Flute d’amour precisely. It raised much doubt about this because the composers of the time did not specified what kind of flute they wrote for. And, nowadays, with misunderstanding that â€Å"Baroque flute† is a term for a single instrument, people may suggest that this flute piece is not suitable for a particular Baroque flute. However, with a clearer picture of the development of the Baroque flute family, the intention of Bach to write two separate scores and the common practice of the flautists those days, the Sonata in B minor should probably be intended for the Baroque flute, the flute d’amour. How to cite J.S. Bach Flute Sonata in B Minor: the Development of the Baroque Flute, Essay examples

Asset Pricing Model-Free-Samples for Students -Myassignementhelp

Question: Write a Literature on the Historical account of the Development and Application of Capital Asset Pricing Model in Managerial Finance. Answer: Introduction This study deals with understanding the concept of Capital Asset Pricing Model and purpose of CAPM model in executive business. In this particular assignment, proper emphasis has been given on the theories of CAPM model and how it is helpful for the financial managers (Zabarankin, Pavlikov and Uryasev 2014). The current segment explains about historical account of the progress as well as purpose of Capital Asset Pricing Model in supervisory business in the most appropriate way. Historical account of the development and application of Capital Asset Pricing Model in managerial finance Capital Asset Pricing Model is one of the asset pricing theories that estimate the cost of capital for business firm for the purpose of assessing the performance of managed portfolios. This particular pricing model offers powerful as well as pleasing predictions on matters relating to risk measurement and the relation between expected return and risk (Moosa 2013). The empirical problems of CAPM model show theoretical failings those results to get simplified assumptions. Capital Asset Pricing Model is used for describing the relationship between risk as well as return in the most appropriate way. CAPM can be used for pricing of risk securities and this model was introduced in the year 1964 as an extension of the Modern Portfolio Theory (Barberis et al. 2015). In addition, the theories explore ways where investors need to construct portfolios that have minimal risk levels for maximizing returns. This pricing model is used by financial professionals for calculating the required return t hat is based on risk measurement. The model particularly relies upon risk multiplier that is known as beta coefficient (Berk and Van Binsbergen 2016). It is the responsibility of the business financial manager to calculate the cost of equity capital of business enterprise. It is quite a difficult task to estimate the cost of equity and often result is subjective by nature as well as open to question as a reliable benchmark. In addition, Capital Asset Pricing Model is one of the tools that explain how financial markets price securities as well as formative expected returns on capital investments. Furthermore, the model give details about the method for quantifying risk as well as translating that risk into estimates of expected return on equity (Dempsey 2013). By using CAPM model, it will be easy to understand the nature of predictable cost of equity. This model cannot be used in separation as it explains in detail about world of financial markets. CAPM is a tool that deals with risks as well as returns especially on financial securities. In addition, the rate of return need to be ascertained by an investor for receiving from buying a common stock as well as holding it for specific period of time as it equals cash dividend received and adding up capital gains (Fama and French 2017). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that CAPM can be used by financial managers as it supplement with other techniques as well as their own judgment for developing realistic and useful cost of equity calculations. Capital Asset Pricing Model shows hypothetical illustration of the performance of economic that need to be engaged for estimating cost of equity capital. The above analysis puts emphasis on understanding all the factors that govern use of CAPM model by financial managers in the most appropriate way. Reference List Barberis, N., Greenwood, R., Jin, L. and Shleifer, A., 2015. X-CAPM: An extrapolative capital asset pricing model.Journal of Financial Economics,115(1), pp.1-24. Berk, J.B. and Van Binsbergen, J.H., 2016. Assessing asset pricing models using revealed preference.Journal of Financial Economics,119(1), pp.1-23. Dempsey, M., 2013. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM): the history of a failed revolutionary idea in finance?.Abacus,49(S1), pp.7-23. Fama, E.F. and French, K.R., 2017. International tests of a five-factor asset pricing model.Journal of Financial Economics,123(3), pp.441-463. Moosa, I.A., 2013. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM): the history of a failed revolutionary idea in finance? Comments and extensions.Abacus,49(S1), pp.62-68. Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. and Uryasev, S., 2014. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with drawdown measure.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), pp.508-517.

Comparison of Kula and Moka Practice

The reading of Malinowski’s (1979) article will come particularly handy for just about anyone who tries to get a better insight onto significance of kula as practice that defines the essence of Trobrians’ existential mode. According to the author, kula is the form of ceremonial exchange, in which native inhabitants of islands to the north-east and south-east of Papua New Guinea are being involved, as the way of emphasizing their social status in Trobrian society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Kula and Moka Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two items, associated with this exchange, are necklaces made out of red shells (soulava) and arm-bracelets, made out of white shells (mwali). While practicing kula, islanders often travel as far as hundreds of miles in canoe boats, in order to exchange soulava for mwali and vice versa. The following are the two foremost aspects of kula: 1). The geographical direction in which soulava and mwali are being exchanged is firmly fixed – on the route of being traded for each other, soulava items always travel in clockwise direction (from north to south), and mwali items always travel in counter-clockwise direction (from south to north). This can be explained by the geographical particulars of where arm-bracelets and necklaces are being procured from: â€Å"We see that the two sources of the mwali and soulava are at the northern and southern ends of the (Trobrian) ring†¦ each (item) is exported from the districts of its origin towards one, where it is not made or procured† (p. 166). 2). Trobrians, involved in kula, are being expected not to possess soulava and mvali for too long – both items of kula exchange are supposed to remain in the state of perpetual motion, while changing hands with kula practitioners on permanent basis: â€Å"A man who is in the Kula never keeps any article for longer th an, say, a year or two† (p. 169). 3). Islanders that participate in kula exchange are supposed to remain involved in this practice for the duration of their lifetime – ‘once in the kula, always in the kula’: â€Å"The principle ‘once in the Kula, always in the Kula’ applies also to the valuables themselves† (p. 164). 4). Kula exchange is essentially manly practice – even though few Trobrian women of high social status are known to indulge in the practice on small-scale basis, it is mostly men who look onto kula as the foremost instrument of gaining the sense of self-respect and establishing themselves socially: â€Å"The Kula is essentially a man’s type of activity. Women do not sail on the big expeditions† (p. 188).Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 5). Exchanging kula articles for each other is being perceived by th ose who indulge in this practice as not a trade per se, but rather as gift-giving: â€Å"The Kula exchange has always to be a gift, followed by a counter-gift; it can never be a barter† (p. 189). From Malinowski’s article, it appears that the main purpose of kula exchange is highlighting exchange participants’ socio-tribal status – those who happened to possess a number of kula items at any given time, are being respected on the account of their ‘manliness’ and also on the account of the sheer strength of their ritualistic-mindedness. According to the author, it is not utterly uncommon for the chiefs in Trobrian villages (a so-called ‘big-men’) to temporally possess as many as hundreds of arm-bracelets and necklaces at the time; whereas, less socially significant inhabitants of these villages may possess only few kula items. By enjoying the temporal ownership of mwalis and soulavas, kula practitioners are being provided with an o pportunity to exhibit their ability to act as reliable partners – hence, wining respect with other members of Trobrian rural communities. In its turn, this partially explains why kula articles are never being exchanged for each other in order to be daily-worn by those who possess them, but rather to provide owners with the chance to brag about being ‘strong in Kula’. Thus, the actual motivations behind this practice can hardly be thought of as rationale-driven but as such that reside deep within the matrix of practitioners’ tribalistic perceptionalism. Initially, there used to be the set of objective preconditions, which instigated kula exchange, in the first place. Nevertheless, as time went by, this practice was being gradually reduced into an irrational ritual. The main purpose of this ritual appears to be concerned with highlighting social inequality among islanders as something that kula practitioners subconsciously feel would set them on the path of progress. It is important to understand that it is namely the strong extent of social stratification among the members of a particular society, which traditionally used to fuel such society’s cultural and scientific advancement. For example, in late 18th century’s British society, there were no people that belonged to a ‘middle class’, in contemporary sense of this word. This, however, was exactly what had triggered the beginning of Industrial Revolution in this country – people’s social inequality, combined with their industriousness, is the compound upon which civilizational progress thrives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Kula and Moka Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, Trobrians’ willingness to indulge in kula exchange, despite this practice’s apparent senselessness, is best explained as being driven by these peopleâ€⠄¢s identity-related anxieties – since there are no objective preconditions for the maintenance of social inequality among islanders, they are being naturally predisposed to invent artificial ones. The kula exchange can be also discussed within the context of what has traditionally defined the actual essence of a rural living. In rural societies, it represents the matter of foremost importance for these societies’ members to be able to choose in favor of a communal existential mode, as the mean of ensuring their physical survival. The reason for this is simple – giving the fact that in such societies, people’s well-being largely depends on the whims of weather; it represents the matter of crucial importance for them to be able to rely upon each other, while facing life’s challenges. This is exactly why the practical significance of kula exchange is not being concerned with trading parties’ strive to obtain material benefits through trade, as much as it is being concerned with practitioners’ intention to win favors with whom they exchange kula articles, which explains exchange’s technicalities: â€Å"A native will always, when speaking about a transaction, insist on the magnitude and value of the gift he gave, and minimize those of the equivalent accepted† (p. 190). By providing its partner with the gift of mwali of soulava, the gift-giving islander implies that from now on, the gift-receiving partner owes him a favor, which is exactly the reason why kula practitioners do not appear particularly enthusiastic, when it comes to accepting gifts, and also the particulars of ceremony’s etiquette: â€Å"The etiquette of the transaction requires that the gift should be given in an off-hand, abrupt, almost angry manner, and received with equivalent nonchalance and disdain† (p. 189). In other words, kula exchange emphasizes tribalistic workings of islanders’ mentality as people who perce ive ‘favors’ as such that represent a fully objective value. The validity of an earlier suggestion can be also explored in regards to moka practice, associated with existential mode of members of native tribes that populate area around the base of Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The origins of moka gift-giving, concerned with the process of these tribes periodically providing each other with the gifts of pigs and pearl-shells, can be traced back to primeval times, when these gifts were supposed to serve as compensation for the loss of lives, due to tribal warfare. Nevertheless, as of today, moka exchange had been deprived of its utilitarian significance. Nowadays, it serves as the catalysis of ‘debt accumulation’ for those tribesmen who indulge in this practice. From technical point of view, moka exchange cannot be referred to as being utterly complex. For example, once the inhabitants of village X have provided the inhabitants of a neighboring village with the gift of fifty pigs, there can be two possible scenarios of how the inhabitants of village Y would address the act of gift-giving, on the part of their neighbors – in time, they can provide their counterparts with whether the gift of equivalent or slightly higher value (let us say fifty five pigs). If they chose in favor of the latter, the moka ensues – that is, within the matter of a year or two, the inhabitants of X village would have to provide Y villagers with the gift of at least sixty pigs. And, it is important to understand that despite moka exchange being seemingly concerned with its participants trying to earn ‘interest’, while bestowing each other with gifts, the considerations of material enrichment define actual motivations behind moka the least. By indulging in moka, the concerned parties aim to highlight their ‘greatness’ as their foremost priority. While referring to profit, generated by moka-participants, Leach and Leach (1983) state: â€Å"This (moka-related) ‘profit’ does not have the same meaning as it does in a capitalist economy, for it is encompassed within a wider rule of reciprocity† (p. 74). Therefore, the foremost purpose of moka gift-giving can be best defined as turning the nutri tional value of pigs into metaphysical value of debts and favors, which ensure the integrity of tribal societies from within. According to Godelier (1999): â€Å"Moka closely resembles the potlatch; the motive of moka partners is not to make a ‘profit’, but to increase the gifts and to create debts† (p. 98). Thus, just as it is being the case with kula exchange, moka gift-giving appears to be ritually defined extrapolation of native Papua Guineans’ tribal mentality. Given the fact that, due to a variety of fully objective factors, the realities of living in rural areas of Papua New Guinea and Trobrian islands endow native inhabitants with the sense of communal inter-dependency, it comes as not a particular surprise that these people tend to hypertrophy the meaning of tribal relationship with each other. Unfortunately, there is also a negative aspect to this – the sheer strength of native populations’ affiliation with tribal traditions is bein g proportionally related to the extent of their intellectual inflexibility. In its turn, this explains native Guineans and Trobrians’ cultural backwardness. References Boyd, D. 1985, ’The commercialization of ritual in the Eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea’, Man, New Series, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 325-340. Godelier, M. 1999. The enigma of the gift, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Leach, J. Leach, E. 1983. The Kula: New perspectives on Massim exchange, London, Cambridge University Press. Malinowski, B. 1979. Essentials of the kula; Technicalities of the kula. In: Young, M. (ed) The Ethnography of Malinowski, pp.162-171,181-198. London, Routledge Kegan Paul. Strathern, A. 1971. The rope of moka: Big-men and ceremonial exchange in  Mount Hagen, New Guinea, London, Cambridge University Press. This essay on Comparison of Kula and Moka Practice was written and submitted by user Danika O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

In the Merchants Prologue and Tale Chaucer Essays

In the Merchants Prologue and Tale Chaucer Essays In the Merchants Prologue and Tale Chaucer Paper In the Merchants Prologue and Tale Chaucer Paper Essay Topic: Pygmalion Januaries preferences for a wife are shown like a shopping list. He places much stress on his prospective wifes age she shal not passe twenty yeer, certayn. There is a sense of economics in the way January has chosen a younger wife to compensate for his old age. Januarie explains his penchant for a young wife in particularised language a yong thyng may men gye, right as men may warm wex with hands plye Januarie has delusions of pygmalionism: the state of being in love with an object of ones own creation, Maye is his manufacture. Januaries language is saturated with fiscal metaphor, metaphor is used to defamiliarise the audience; while he thinks about what his wife will look like, he describes the experience as though one has taken a mirror, polished bright and set it in commune market-place, Thanne sholde he se ful many a figure pace, women are like cattle to Januarie, Januarie values women in accordance to their beauty. The link between women and carnate is very suggestive, Januarie is clearly longing for carnal embrace and his sexual frustration is evident. Januarie uses the sexual language of a cattle market And bet than old boef is the tendre veel women are viewed as meat within Medieval society. One might cross-reference this carnal metaphor to the readers introduction to Damyan the servant which carf biforn the knight ful many a day, it is paradoxical that the boy Januarie has employed to carve meat will ultimately carve Januaries own meat (Maye), Januarie has unwittingly encouraged his own cuckolding by taking on Damyan, this is precursor for Januaries garden which facilitates Maye and Damyans affair; Januaries creation of a pleasure garden is presented to us as an extension of a cashbox in which the key is the all-important possession. It is damaging to Januaries honour that he has been cuckolded by Damyan thyn owene squire and thy borne man his own property. When Januarie becomes blind, he wepeth and with all the fire of his jealousy Lest that his wyf sholde falle in som folye, he becomes increasingly possessive of his wax moulded doll. Januaries blindness is ironic: when he was able to see he was still morally and spiritually blind, it is paradoxical that on balance his blindness initiates his enlightenment, Januaries over-dependency on is his eyes shows how pleasure-seeking, epicurean and hedonistic his life was before marriage. Januaries blindness emphasises his obsession with the aesthetic and attainable by financial means. Sight is something, however, no amount of money can buy. Januarie will not suffer Maye leaving his side But if he had a hand always on her: Maye is his property. Januarie desperately clings to this young vital animal. For Aristotle it is the mark of a barbarian that the husband treats his wife as a piece of property, like a domesticated animal.. On a metaphorical level Januarie is clutching on to his youth; his gluttonising ways are coming to a slow and painful end. Januarie uses bribery at a mid-nuptial stage to prevent Maye from cuckolding him; heritage, toun and tour are used as a bargaining item. Januarie tells Maye she can attain these three things if she remains faithful. We see how Januarie is unable to distinguish between the spiritual and the material; he has bound them up together. Januarie combines a spiritual field with the diction of property and law, the concrete is fused with the abstract. The reader is never allowed to forget that Maye has ultimately sold her body for money; women become objects and commodities. Marriage through the Merchant eyes is equated with the giving away of good s. The Merchants Tale and Prologue is submerged with monetary metaphor and financial imagery, and it is therefore difficult to underplay the importance of money and possessions in this medieval world. However we are reminded that money and possessions are purely material and the love of a wife for a husband and visa-versa cannot be bought they must be earned through the Christian quality of gentillesse. Januarie can buy anything with his money on a material level, however he cannot buy time, for his clock is ticking and he is growing oold and hoor. For this reason I believe The Merchants Tale is more about the worthlessness of money when stared in the face of time. The Merchants Tale is didactic and what the reader should take from it is the importance of having spiritual wealth as opposed to material wealth.

Racism - Malcolm X - Black History Month Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racism - Malcolm X - Black History Month - Essay Example He felt the pain of segregation but unlike most people, he strongly desired for a change in his community. He knew that something had to be done, and he knew that he could do something about the segregation. Malcolm emerged to be a very significant force for change that could awaken both those who lived and those that were to come. Racism in the United States went through construction and experience during this period. One of such experiences is the one Malcolm x experienced of how the blacks in the society of America were mistreated and neglected. Through the experiences of Malcolm x, it showed that the blacks could be perceived and treated like second-rate human beings. Malcolm redefined the geographical terrain and the tenor of the black politics. He redefined the governance system in America as a better and bigger form of segregation and harmful to the rights of the blacks. Malcolm x change the way people interpreted the civil rights act by affecting their existing definitions and interpretations. Malcolm x succeeded in making people unites so as to gain a racial pride through fighting for their

You Are The Judge Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

You Are The Judge Papers - Essay Example Negligence is defined as a failure to act by a person where such an act would have been performed by a reasonable man or a person does something which a reasonable person would not have committed. This act or failure to act subsequently leads to foreseeable harm. The main elements to prove negligence are duty of care being owed; breach of that duty which results in injury to the plaintiff and proximity between the act and the injuries that is the injury caused was a foreseeable consequence of the negligence. It can be seen from the facts that Corrigan was responsible for installing the compass and so a clear duty of care arose between the final user that is Daniel and Corrigan. The breach of duty occurred because as per the facts the compass had not been properly installed. Now the issue that arises is whether an action against Zoom can lead to such a claim for medical costs. Clearly Zoom had a contract with Corrigan and so Corrigan would be a party to this action and so medical costs can be recovered subject to proximity which will now be discussed. The question of proximity would require proving whether it was foreseeable that the faulty compass would lead to Daniel getting lost and being beaten. It can be said that because of the faulty compass it is evident that Daniel would get lost. As for the area that he reached as a result there is a strong possibility of it happening and suffering injury in a high crime area. Thus it can be said that there was proximity. The defence that can be relied upon by Zoom/Corrigan is that the event was unforeseen because even though there was a possibility of getting lost, the injury caused was farfetched. Furthermore they can argue that the plaintiff would have been aware that he was going wrong and so knowingly took the risk. All these arguments are likely to fail and thus Daniel can recover for the medical costs under the head of negligence. The proper defendant for the action can be determined by the

The Hurricane Disaster Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

The Hurricane Disaster - Article Example The information does not dwell on a particular aspect of the disaster hence providing a very detailed report. The information is a lot but clearly presented with supporting evidence from officials handling the disaster rescue and recovery operation. The last article in the USA Today is not clear at all. It had information jumbled up and provides a lot of unnecessary information to the case. The timeliness is effective but the lack of clarity affects the understanding of the length information from the researchers (Cooper & Swanson, 2005). The article by Kay, (2005) can be said to be the most informative. This is so because it provides well-rounded information about the disaster without dwelling on only one area of it or deviating completely from the events of the disaster hence making the information lack clarity. The authors of this article discussed on the human deaths and injuries experienced, the property damages to the infrastructure especially, the financial implications of the disaster as well as seeking verification of the rescue efforts in place as well as other communication details that seem minute but very effective. The fact that the article discusses the disaster based on opinion and facts provided by several officials and not only the governor like in the previous article makes it even more informative. The article in The New York Times is written in informal communication style compared to the other two articles. The informal writing is meant to be understood by all the people without discriminating others from feeling worthy of the news article they are reading. The informal style enables a clearer understanding of the events and connects with the emotions of the audience. An example about reports from survivors â€Å"†¦were left clinging to the remains of their house when a 23-foot surge of water hit it, flexing the roof like a deck of cards (Treaster & Zernike, 2005).†

Reasons for the Success of Primark

Reasons for the Success of Primark Overview Primark is one of the biggest chain stores in Europe. It operates in 6 European countries like Ireland, Spain, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Portugal and Germany. The first store was established in 1969 in Dublin. Afterwards in 1973 Primark started trading in Great Britain and in 2006, it opened 2 new stores in Spain and from 2008 2009, Primark starts trading in the Netherlands, Portugal and Germany. Today Primarks chain consist from 193 stores, and majority of them located in the UK. The main offices of company are located in Ireland where it is known as Penneys, Primark is a branch of Associated British Foods pls. ABF has international sales of  £6.8bn and 85,000 employees in 43 countries and Primark is the main piece in ABF. ABF is a highly diversified group of companies who enjoy a high degree of autonomy in the running of their specific businesses. The ABF group is one of the biggest chain stores in Europe with the variety of successful brands and goods in the food sector. (http://www.primark.co.uk/ ) Main Body The successful story of business is Primark story that has become true in last several years. As it was written in â€Å"The Independent: â€Å"During a high street slump, it has built a reputation as a seller of extraordinarily cheap garments and shoppers have besieged its new stores, some of them bought from the collapsed Allders chain.† ( The Independent,† Primark is named at least ethical clothes shop†, by M. Hickman, Thursday, 8 December 2005). Primark success relates to: Super-competitive prices (the result of technology, efficient distribution, supply and volume buying) Market product quality High Street locations Clear focus on the target market. Good global management and logistics system (http://www.earthtimes.org/ ) Super-Competitive Prices Nowadays, global economy opens huge variety of markets, distribution and supply services to the companies that trade in global market. The one of the main oppotunities in companies success is opportunity to choose from a wide range of markets where to trade, or what supplier to choose. The combination of this aspects give to global companies a chance to make more profit that was ever made. As it is known, most of Primarks suppliers are from China, India and south east Asia. So, it gives to ABF group cheap distribution that relates to prices. Low price system give a huge advantage to Primark as a player in the market, among other players such as Tesco, Mark Spencer, Next and etc. this is a good strategy for Primark ,as a player in the global market, during the recession. It gives Primark a big market share and increases in profit. FQDSC strategic model (competitive advantage through) It is better to understand success of Primark store in FQDSC strategic model, which includes flexibility, quality, dependability, speed and cost aspects. If we mark Primark in all this aspects with one of his competitors and compare them, we will see why Primark is so successful. Now, we see that factors such as speed and cost play a huge role in human behavior in todays world during the recession. The recession time shows us how Primark is flexible with their customers, that speed and cost factors give Primark a huge advantage among other players in the market. In comparison with Debenhams and other competitors, factors such as speed and cost played the main role to the success of Primark. (Gregson, R. (2009) MGT 7100 Managing Processes, Lecture 1) Market Product Quality Quality of Primark`s goods strictly relates to the price and suppliers that Primark works with. So it is one of the best quality-price ratios in the market. ABF group achieved this correlation by using the basic rules in global economy to reach best profit. As it was mentioned before, global economy gives a huge amount of opportunities to the companies to make their best correlation between quality, price, location, speed and etc. High Street Locations Primark like almost a half of his competitors has a good location policy. For example, in London on Oxford street, Primark and his competitors are found in one street of market stores. In the UK High Street there is a huge amount of no-frills fashion stores. That means that Primark have a lot of competitors that have same type of customers. Well-established competitors such as Bhs and NEXT and others have to cope with Primark, while results are booming. Primark has become one of the cheapest fashion retailers in the UK High Streets. Therefore people buying goods from Primark store. The live example of Primark success in UK High Street it is if you go to Oxford street you will see a superior amount of people that are carrying Primark bags than from other stores. (http://www.open2.net/ ) Clear Focus On The Target Market Primark have clear understanding demands of their customers. Primarks market segment is the fashion conscious people under- 35s with the slogan â€Å"Look good pay less†. Primark has chosen ‘Cost Leadership strategy, it means that Primark has a cost privilege over competitors. In the last several years Primark has done a lot of things right. TK Maxx and Asda are one of the strongest competitors of Primark and they have a similar market segment. TK Maxx and Asda have different strategies to that of Primark. TK Maxx trades hugely-discounted prestige brands and Asda has created its own private and well-known brand. Primark focuses more on buying, logistics and supply chain management rather than developing its own brand. Primark made its own teams of buyers that travel all over the world to detect fashion trends and to find out the competitive caterers. It means that Primark understand demand of their customer very well by providing them high fashion goods at very low prices. It also has a very clever system of choices of fashion goods to copy into the mass production. To proceed to be most successful in market with ‘Cost Leadership strategy the firm should provide the cheapest prices in the market. (http://www.open2.net/ ) Good Global Management And Logistics System The success of Associated British Foods pls. is not based only on one aspect such as super competitive price, quality, high street location or clear market target. It is the totality of all of aspects. ABF group has a clear understanding of global economy rules. Primark realize that global market opens huge varieties of dealing business. It means that global economy, as it was mentioned before, give to companies a huge varieties of markets, suppliers and etc., and companies can choose among markets and suppliers. ABF group has a good correlation of options that global economy provides to companies. As the result Primark has a very good management and logistic systems. It means that Primark realize a correlation between high volume, low cost, location, market and supply chains. It is better to understand Primarks correlation in picture: Now, we can clearly understand the logistic system that is used by Primark. We can see that global economy and global market give a challenge to Primark and competitors to choose among suppliers. As we can see Primark has chosen the best correlation between suppliers, prices and other aspects which leaded to better profit. This is demonstration of Primarks commitment to having the best available solutions to help manage its supply chain, and to improve working conditions whilst maintaining competitive edge and quality in a fast-moving fashion environment,† said Ray Ellis, business systems analyst at Primarks owner, Associated British Foods. ( http://www.supplychain.cn ) Conclusion In conclusion we can see a whole picture of Primarks success. It is obvious that the company became a successful business story just in several years. Primark success is a very good solution in management and logistic system. Primark became a good example of success and a case study to its competitors. As it was written before, Primarks triumph relates to several aspects such as quality, high street locations, super competitive prices, clear focus on the target market, good management and logistics system. The main point of the success of Primark, it is that the owners of Primark were one of the first in practical business who realized the whole picture of global market and combinations of aspects and factors that is given by the globalisation. It is true that during the recession time factors like low costs and fast speed are playing a big role in decision making process of customers. Primark has a clear focus on the target market, and it helps them to know what the best to their customers is. They know that their target market are people under 35 and they focus more on factors such as fashion, low prices and speed. At the end, we cant say that the success of Primark is the lucky chance, their success is the well-developed combination between factors and aspects. References: http://www.primark.co.uk/page.aspx?pointerid=eb44df4565934edca627dac6ec12145a [accessed 14 November 2009] http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/primark-to-install-island-pacific-planning-solution,1029702.shtml [accessed 14 November 2009] The Independent,† Primark is named at least ethical clothes shop†, by M. Hickman, Thursday, 8 December 2005 http://www.open2.net/money/briefs_20051206_primark.html [accessed 15 November 2009] http://www.supplychain.cn/en/art/2769/ [accessed 15 November 2009] Gregson, R. (2009) MGT 7100 Managing Processes, Lecture 1

Global Warming Essays -- Environment Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming Climate change is neither new nor unusual. Throughout the history of the earth, the average surface temperature, climate and greenhouse gas concentrations have changed, sometimes gradually other times quite sharply. During the past 10,000 years the earth has been in an interglacial period with a fairly stable climate, surface temperature, and greenhouse gas concentration1. The problem that has arisen in recent times is when scientists analyze the past 150 years, especially the last 50. Scientists have found an increased greenhouse gas concentration, making the 20th century the hottest in the last 10,000 years. Although the earth has undergone periodic changes known as global cooling and global warming, today’s global warming is unique, due to human influences. The greenhouse effect is essentially gasses in the atmosphere trapping heat, rather like a car window does in the summer. The major heat trapping gasses found in the atmosphere are; CO2 and water vapor- which are found in large quantity, 03(ozone), ch4(methane), and N2O(nitrous oxide)-which are better heat trappers but found in smaller quantity, CFC’s and PFC’s- which are very potent and destroy ozone. The rapid elevation of these gasses in the past fifty years have been the cause for concern of scientists calling it a global warming problem. Global warming is a natural process as well as a human assisted process. Solar flares and sunspots along with natural elevation of greenhouse gasses due to volcanic activety are the natural causes for global warming. Dr. Judy Lean, a leading astrophysicist, looked at global warming trends from 1860 to the present day. Her research has found from 1860 to 1970, global warming was largely due to natural sources. But from 1970 to the present natural sources accounted for only one-third the increase while human influence accounted for the remaining two-thirds of the increased greenhouse effect. The increase in greenhouse gasses from human sources comes from a variety of things. Elevated Co2 levels, which have been increasing at a rate of 0.5% per year, largely come from the burning of fossil fuels(70-75%), especially coal. Deforestation and plant burning account for the remainder. Increased Methane and Nitrous oxide in the atmosphere are mostly due to agriculture; rice patties, cattle, termites and decomposition of dead... ...ns in order to stop the increase. In order to slow the increase, the efficient use of fossil fuels must be adapted. Natural gas gives off very little co2 and methane if burned properly. Deforestation must also be stopped in order to give natural co2 scrubbers, plants, a chance to aid in the process. Governmental programs have also been implemented. A carbon tax has been considered along with the passing of the 1990 Clean Air Act, aimed at lowering emissions and cleaning air pollution. On a world wide scale, the Kyoto Accord in 1997, in which 159 nations agreed to work together to decrease Co2 emissions by 5.5% by 2012. The United States agreed, since it accounts for 25% of the worlds total emissions by 1990 figures, to cut its emissions by 7%. Global warming is still a major issue in world and U.S. politics. Conservatives argue for more market-orientated solutions, resulting in the imposition of taxes, resulting in higher prices for environment polluting goods. Liberals on the other hand advocate stiffer industry regulation and more direct controls. Any action taken, whatever the ideology, can only help to solve an increasing problem but at what cost to the consumer?

Development of Jane Eyre Essay

At the opening of her incredible journey, Jane Eyre is a timid, shy, and headstrong girl. Through the course of her journey, her character does not exactly â€Å"change†, but rather expands and develops. Her first growth starts at the Lowood School, where she finally finds herself in a society with which she can relate and grow. The second advance appears in the place of Thornfield, a place of many wonders. Then, in the region of Morton and Marsh End (or Moor House), Jane really evolves into the person she is truly meant to be. While enrolled in the Lowood School, Jane finds true friends that are closer than even her own family. She starts as the shy, ever pleasing, little girl. Within her stay at the Lowood School, she meets Miss Temple and Helen Burns. Helen is a student at the school as well. She is and intelligent young girl who is forgetful, submissive, and tolerant. Helen’s submissive ways aggravate Jane to no extent, yet this does not faze Helen. Helen’s way is to not look for a home in the world but to look towards God and heaven for residence. Although her approach to life makes her docile, it does not make her oblivious to the many abuses put to the girls of Lowood, she just believes that justice will be found in God’s kingdom. That the bad will be punished and the good will be rewarded. Therefore, Helen’s methods teach Jane to count on God for support and guidance in her life. Meanwhile, Miss Temple, a teacher at the school, is a kind and loving woman. This woman has the heart of a celestial being and is fair and just to every one of her students. Miss Temple is able to command respect from everyone around her without even attempting. She is not afraid to stand up to her superiors when extraneous suffering has been put upon her students. Miss Temple’s part in Jane’s development is that she teaches her to unknowingly demand respect from everyone as a whole and to justly love anyone unconditionally, no matter the circumstances. In Thornfield, Jane reaches another developmental milestone. Until this point, Jane never really discovers a place she can find home. As she comes to perceive this dwelling as home, she befriends a few distinctive characters, mainly Adele Varens, the little French girl that she has been brought to Thornfield to teach. Not only in Adele the sole reason Jane made the fateful trip to Thornfield, she also plays a part in the process of Jane’s evolution. Jane is never spoiled in childhood or a doll to anyone. In contrast, this is exactly what Adele’s life is about. Adele, who everyone usually ignores, is spoiled beyond belief. Mostly, her elders treat her like a doll. Incidentally, Adele basically has the childhood that Jane can never partake in. From taking Adele under her wing, Jane also becomes a sort of mother-figure to the young girl, resulting from Adele’s mother running away from the girl. For the most part, Adele indoctrinates Jane to become a more free-spirited, playful, and spoiled young woman, coupled with the fact that Adele transforms Jane’s character into a more mother-like figure. While in the area of Morton and Marsh End, Jane makes some life changing discoveries to go along with her ever changing shape of a being. Here is where she meets unknowingly meets her family that she has no idea exists, and through these connections, she gains her fortune of money from her uncle, John Eyre. â€Å"How can someone’s character become more develop from a person without ever even meeting them?† one might ask. Well, John Eyre’s fortune makes a considerable impact on Jane’s life. Jane finally becomes an independent for once in her life. She no longer has to rely on anyone to take care of her or watch over her actions. By the vast amount of money she attains, Jane also realizes that she is generous and decides she cannot keep money she did not rightfully earn. Therefore, Jane splits the money with her cousins on the accord of she was not the only on that had legitimate claim to the money. Furthermore, while in Morton, Jane became a schoolteacher. Chiefly, when Jane was a teacher at the Lowood School, she had students that were willing to learn and usually had some educational background. One the other hand, the students at the new school in Morton were not exceptionally bright and most were not all that willing to learn. Consequently, Jane was learning to understand people more and found she could see the best in people, and in most cases, she discovers she can bring out a willingness to learn in her students. Throughout the series of her adventures, Jane uncovers distinct traits within herself that bring out the full blown Jane Eyre. Transforming from a timid, shy, and headstrong girl to a loving, respect commanding, free-spirited, playful, and generous young woman, Jane Eyre becomes a fully developed, well rounded person that knows the good in the world and how to pursue her dreams.

Hatchet1 essays

Hatchet1 essays The theme of the story Hatchet is determination, perseverance and survival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father in Canadian wilderness. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed to land the plane in a lake, and escape unharmed. Now comes the hard part, surviving in the wilderness until rescued. He does have one tool to help him, a hatchet that his mother had given him as a gift. He will have to use it, his own determination, imagination, perseverance and common sense to survive. This flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness is Brains first time in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not very difficult. He lets Brian take the steering control and direct the line of flight for awhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio without success. He knows that if he hits the trees, he can die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. When the plane is in the water, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he set out to find both. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where his water was. He found a cherry tree and because he was very hungry, he ate his fill. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to eat later and then managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to curb his appetite! The discovery of how to make a fire was very ...

Free Essays on Minerals

Many minerals and rocks are valuable resources with direct utility in our everyday lives. We forget that these minerals and rock make our lives easier and more efficient. There are three such rocks and minerals that I can think of that play large roles. Of these rock and minerals the three consist of gold, graphite and coal. These are very important in my life because I use each one everyday and respect the rocks and minerals for their contribution to everyday life. The first mineral that plays a large role in my life as well as everyone else’s life is gold. Gold is a precious metal that is worn for personal appearance. Gold is much more than a metal it is what the world revolves around. Our nations currency is based on what is called the gold standard. Our paper money is based on the hard currency, gold, stored in Fort Knox. The naturally occurring gold-silver alloy is called electrum. Gold occurs, in chemical combination with tellurium, in the minerals calaverite and sylvanite along with silver, and in the mineral nagyagite along with lead, antimony, and sulfur. It occurs with mercury as gold amalgam. It is generally present to a small extent in iron pyrites; galena, the lead sulfide ore that usually contains silver, sometimes also contains appreciable amounts of gold. Gold also occurs in seawater to the extent of 5 to 250 parts by weight to 100 million parts of water. Although the quantity of gold present in seawater is more than 9 billion metric tons, the cost of recovering the gold would be far greater than the value of the gold that could thus be recovered (MSE, 2000). A second mineral that is very commonly used in my life is graphite. Graphite, as most people know, is what is found within pencils that make it possible to write. As a college student I use this mineral almost every day in my classes. Graphite also has other uses; it is used to produce materials such as ski poles and to enhance the strength of other products ... Free Essays on Minerals Free Essays on Minerals Many minerals and rocks are valuable resources with direct utility in our everyday lives. We forget that these minerals and rock make our lives easier and more efficient. There are three such rocks and minerals that I can think of that play large roles. Of these rock and minerals the three consist of gold, graphite and coal. These are very important in my life because I use each one everyday and respect the rocks and minerals for their contribution to everyday life. The first mineral that plays a large role in my life as well as everyone else’s life is gold. Gold is a precious metal that is worn for personal appearance. Gold is much more than a metal it is what the world revolves around. Our nations currency is based on what is called the gold standard. Our paper money is based on the hard currency, gold, stored in Fort Knox. The naturally occurring gold-silver alloy is called electrum. Gold occurs, in chemical combination with tellurium, in the minerals calaverite and sylvanite along with silver, and in the mineral nagyagite along with lead, antimony, and sulfur. It occurs with mercury as gold amalgam. It is generally present to a small extent in iron pyrites; galena, the lead sulfide ore that usually contains silver, sometimes also contains appreciable amounts of gold. Gold also occurs in seawater to the extent of 5 to 250 parts by weight to 100 million parts of water. Although the quantity of gold present in seawater is more than 9 billion metric tons, the cost of recovering the gold would be far greater than the value of the gold that could thus be recovered (MSE, 2000). A second mineral that is very commonly used in my life is graphite. Graphite, as most people know, is what is found within pencils that make it possible to write. As a college student I use this mineral almost every day in my classes. Graphite also has other uses; it is used to produce materials such as ski poles and to enhance the strength of other products ...

Public administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Public administration - Essay Example It is usually responsible for using a major proportion of national resources raised via taxation to give services to people. Entities in the public sector are accountable not merely for how much they expend but also for the methods they use the resources that they have been assigned. Further, they have an overarching duty to serve the public interest in following the needs of legislation and management policies (Holzer and Schwester 19). Integrity is thus an essential component that the whole entity can display in all its actions as well as has mechanisms. Another component is defining of its intended outcomes that ought to be sustainable. The governing body must ensure that its decisions promote the entity’s purpose, add to planned benefits and result and remain within the limits of authority along with resources. Input from citizens, institutional stakeholders, service users and others is crucial to the success of this course and in balancing challenging demands to establish priorities for the limited available resources. Since technology can be a costly disruption from the hard and non-glamorous work of everyday service delivery besides supervision, it is imperative to balance technology needs versus the irrational attractiveness of this feature of the work (Holzer and Schwester 23). Some of the technologies available for use are mobile phones, portable computers, fax, e-mail, teleconference facilities, voice-activated computers, data-capturing whiteboards and dial-in Web-based appraisal measures. Public sector leaders are expected to uphold a level of integrity and morality that serves the society’s interests and demonstrates diplomacy, personal responsibility, and truthfulness. With these views, the ethical role of the public leader is to serve the public interest while being honest, fair, trustworthy, lawful, and doing the least amount harm (Holzer and Schwester 35). Nevertheless, it is unfeasible to understand completely

Generation Y Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generation Y - Essay Example Prevailing economic, social and political conditions have a considerable effect on people making this lot of youngsters decidedly different from another lot of the same age-group from another period. Generation Yers distinguish themselves in almost everyway: they are a techno-savvy lot who excel at communication via mobile phones and internet networks, work well in groups with mutual respect and understanding, are adept at multi-tasking and are remarkably confident and even tolerant. In spite of the fact that this generation has seen the maximum number of divorces, children of this generation have been regarded as the center of family. Thus, they have grown up secure in the luxury of strong parental support and involvement. This possibly why the Yers are 'driven and ambitious with high expectations'. Generation-Y is very familiar with the internet, cable television and globalization. They are aware of terrorism and the devastation of 9/ 11 and 26/11. They are also aware of global warming and related environmental issues. Making up 20% of the world's population the Millenials are the largest generation since the Baby Boomers and are expected to have a considerable impact on the socio-economic fabric of our civilization. Below are listed three ways in which this impact will manifest itself: This generation is multi-cultural, th

Global Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Law - Essay Example The company named 1plusV had claimed that Google was restricting the utilization of its powerful system especially made to attract advertisers (Kanter, 2011). Basically, the article was highlighting the fact that Google had been accused of promoting unfair competition by unduly restricting trade. Unreasonable restraint of trade is actually a legal issue in business. The right to do business or put up a business has limitations provided by law. One of which is the prohibition against unfair competition. Unjustifiable restriction of a certain trade is one aspect of unfair competition. Established and big businesses are the ones most likely to have this tendency. Some desire to monopolize a certain type of business. They do not want any competitors. These businesses aim to maintain their market position. This is directly associated to business greed. Sometimes, they implement marketing strategies that weaken its new competitors. As a result, the new businesses experience a substantial l oss of profit. It will eventually choose to stop its operation. Governments of the world have been aware of this business reality. Thus, they issue business laws to promote fair competition. The latest accusation against Google can somehow illustrate the issue on unfair competition.

Transantional Media Essay Example for Free

Transantional Media Essay Introduction The media has played a very crucial role in the transformation of people, their culture and lifestyles world over. The media itself has been on constant revolution with some growing to become big multinational or transnational corporations. This growth and evolution has been necessitated by a few factors among them being: The shifting business environment The changes in communication technology The changes taking place in terms of politics Emergence of global business and the emergence of common markets like Free-Trade agreements such as NAFTA and Easy export and import of business culture and business interests Take an example of the Snow White and the seven dwarfs in the early 1930’s and the Disney world in the early 30’s. The Disneyland of today for example is a whole world of wonders consisting of: Movies Museum Mobile Arks Shop Television Radio Satellite Records Music On Ice Music on Broadway Cruises Resorts and Amusement This means that the effect created by such a transnational media would not only be felt in the mother country but world over as well. To this end however, it would not be wise to downplay the role the media corporations play without critically looking into the effects the very existence and expansion of such corporations have on the society in general. This is because the society of today values information significantly as a vital product in the market, Gershon R. A. – (2000) The other issue is that these media corporations are traversing a world with different cultures and lifestyles yet they themselves have a central origin with a particular culture. Therefore it would be good to know if they could influence others by such cultures and ultimately change their ways of living. What would be the reaction of the locals? Would they resist such external influence? How would they try to resist and would such resistance be effective or successful? These are some of the questions this article will examine and the main reason is because the world comprises people of different preferences, tastes, fashion and who live on diverse culture divides. What one culture might resist as not worth taking another culture may find no difficulty in its daily course of events and society’s mode of life. It may be even a serious challenge where such different cultures exist in such a way that they are mingled up and it is difficult to isolate or selectively come up with a particular group and claim to placed   it in a particular culture. It is also good to remember that the world, due to such technological developments such as the advent of the computer era and transnational media, has become such a small village in such a manner that people in the US, UK, Africa and Far East share or live on similar divide. Discussion The media imperialism thesis has for long argued against the expansion of Western media. It has maintained that such an expansion especially creating roots into the developing world has had great consequences resulting in the supremacy over the developing countries’ national media environments. The consequences of such domination would be to destroy the indigenous media production of the developing countries, (Kalyani Chadha, 2000). However, according to history, societies which live under despotic regimes created by superimposing media have constantly come up with alternative forms of communication as instruments of subversion. Most common forms include the use of underground newspapers though the issue is even completed further with the fact that the there are more sophisticated communication technologies in the modern world. These new communication technologies have made it possible for transnational media and the citizen to participate amicably with great empowerment. It should be realized that the transnational media has also been of great help in helping the citizens to creatively exploit new media to resist state propaganda roiled out through the mainstream media, (Moyo, D. 2007). Critical scholars time and again view media concentration as an expression of corporate free enterprise: that is, influential media owned and sustained by wealthy private interests. In liberal democracies, the media exerts its power and ability to influence the lifestyles of people through performance of three main duties. They act as watchdogs on governments provide conduits for the two-way flow of information between the people and their government, and lastly they act as source of information for the professed free bazaar of ideas, (Mowlana, H. (1996). Global communication in transition: The end of diversity. London: Sage). Critical mass in media industries is what this article is all about with empirical tenability being a critical point of examination. Great emphasis lies on emerging production centers like the Hollywood and the manner in which such media productions penetrate their businesses into other frontier market like East Asia and Africa. In order to understand the issue much better it is good to examine the growth models used by emerging media economies. More specifically, the framework critiques approaches that argue that global integration is normatively disadvantageous to peripheral industries and societies. These growth models are: De-territorialization Media,(low-cost outsourcing); Isomorphism (cloning culture); Cultural technology transfer (co-productions and franchise agreements); Niche markets (breakthroughs); and Cultural or industrial milieu (local clusters).   Culture Society  © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi), Economic and organizational factors are the major lead forces causing cultural globalization. Yet this cultural globalization must have an organizational infrastructure. A form of such globalization comes about   as   a   product   of   the   actions   of   media   and   entertainment   organizations   based   in advanced countries and whose production and distribution of film, television, and popular music creates a certain global dominance which basically depends on the economic standing of the media mother country rather than the cultural factors. And that’s why American firms in particular have   profited   from   the   size   of   their   national   market   and   the fact that funds   for investment are available. Thus a minute number of media corporations, based in a few Western countries, control the production and global distribution of television, film, book publishing and popular music. Due to deregulation of national media industries and emergence of new technologies, global media market has developed. In this oligopolistic market the level of investment required to enter the market is so high, due to high costs of production and distribution. Developing countries are locked out in a competition by the developed ones thus it makes it easy for those vertically integrated corporations to make huge profits by selling very similar product in   different media thereby influencing the people in all areas: books, films, theater movies, cable television, CD- rom and others. The films which are expensively produced capitalize on technical effects that are much concerned with action, stunt and violence rather than character and emotion. This is because action films have a greater impact since they are simple to understand in diversity considering the diversity of languages spoken across the globe. Hindrances and Local Resistance Before looking at the effect and extend of local resistance, we should keenly look at some of the forces that have hindered the development and influence of the transnational media in the different parts of the world. As we had seen earlier, the transnational media corporations we have today have undergone several stages of development through a series of obstacles. Thus in a world of competition we expect some to prosper and others to flop. This is the reason as to why there are those that have grown while others have not. Those that grew are the ones that withstood the challenges. In the beginning of the desire to expand their influence, the media had a lot of trouble due to technical impediments that existed between the developed and the yet to develop nations. This meant that the influence could not penetrate easily to the required level. For example the fact that some nations had developed satellite while others depended on the cable for communication. And in fact communication in some countries was still very underdeveloped and therefore installation had to take place before further penetration- Richeri (1994) Another hindrance was the fact that there was a great divide caused by linguistic obstacle.   Considering this, you find that there was a great difference in the time of news broadcast, type and structure of news especially given that the same reporter cannot present all the news. Thirdly, there were financial obstacles which were as a result of the difficulty with which advertisement could be put into one platform to satisfy a wide range of audience with different needs. Lastly we meet the cultural obstacle. People have varied cultures which they want to preserve at all costs and would try to resist any force which may intend to change their culture.   This local resistance still meets various challenges especially which are political and technological. Most governments have deregulated their broadcasting and this has had the following consequences: A shift from public to private media Normative goals have shifted to commercial goals A movement from political system to the market model A shift from national media to transnational operators The above points imply that the media has become more liberal, now having owners, administrators and advertisers and the fact that political influence is not uncommon. Therefore local resistance becomes a difficult task to accomplish. However, transnational media’s political aspects have remained a thing of the past or completely failed or have survived precariously as a preserve of the business or political elite.   Ã‚  Collins (1996) However, some argue that the success of transnational media in influencing the culture of the world will fail automatically given the cultural diversity. It is argued further that due to vast dissimilar languages, diverse cultures, political practices and even trends in media usage attempts by the transnational media to influence the world culture would fail even if there were no attempts to interrupt such an influence. This is because for it to succeed effectively, it would require an existence of uniform political world, a world with one language, the one with homogeneous cultures or lifestyle. Yet creation of such a society is not nearly possible as consensus would not be probable. Although there are those who hold that the emergence of a global public sphere is already imminent and as such, they maintain, it is possible that a uniform cultured world is achievable or already being achieved. For example, based on this argument, they say that the public, its opinion and the world political system is already under a strong influence of the global communication rather than a particular political state or system.   (Volkmer, 1999: 119) Skeptics have their view.   Political economic tradition criticism maintains that global media corporations play an increasingly imperative role in that they in reality control media industries all over the world. These changes are primarily caused by commercial and industrial momentum thus both culture and communication becomes more profit-oriented and product-driven. (Schiller, 1993 also Spark, 1998).   Another faction of the skeptics holds that based on cultural and institutional analysis of the current processes which lead to development of the transnational media, transnational media does not have a wide reach but rather regional such that even within its primary reach it is yet to make a universal penetration, (e.g. Collins, 1994, 1996 1998; Schlesinger, 1993 1999). In addition, you find that in most countries the usage of transnational media channels is restricted only to the well educated cadres and the business or political elites and mostly only applicable as a back-up to the national news channels viewed by a majority. According to this view it means that international media corporations cannot play a worthwhile role in formation or creation of a world public sphere or global culture. But there is still a point to consider in our argument. Technological development led to globalization especially invention of satellite which contributed to the development of mass media and more so electronic media which rather created a global village. Therefore people interacted and lived on a global scale since space and time barriers in human communication were collapsed. For example as mentioned in the introductory part, Disney culture can be found in many countries today in the world due to the Globalization of Culture different audiences can be brought different cultural experiences. Thus people in Japan, China and other far Eastern countries have learnt about Christmas Day, Valentine’s Day much from mass media making such events more popular in those parts of the world. Today, Disney is among the largest media and most popular entertainment corporations known in the world. Yet this Disney has been part of America’s cultural identity. This shows an example of how transnational media has influenced culture across the globe. Disney Theme Parks for example are found in Hong Kong, Tokyo and Paris showing a transfer of this culture from the original cradle to other countries despite it being commercialized. On the other hand, Internet incites a globalization of both public sphere and news media. It enables more interactive passage of information via its bidirectional communicative Technology, that is, Online Chat, e-mail and etc- C. Barker, (1999). Conclusion The hindrances that earlier on faced the expansion and influence of the transnational media corporations are no longer effective as the world becomes more liberal in handling of its affairs. Hence, as media companies of today grow persistently and continuously keep expanding, the challenges of staying competitive globally become all the time more difficult but the corporations use strategic planning to deal with environmental dynamics that affect their business. This means that penetration of other cultures in a region is not as difficult as it used to be earlier on when it had just started making in roots. Linguistic obstacle that used to be is no longer a problem since people are able to understand gestures, picture motions and other physical aspects of communication even if language is not availed: – audio- visual effects of today’s communication C. Barker, (1999). This therefore implies that local resistance would not be sufficient to counter the effects and impact of multinational media corporations in influencing cultural aspects of the world we live in today. Information is a major product on high demand and the way this information is channeled to the end user will have a significant impact on the behavior of the user after reception of the information. Thus so far, as we acknowledge the role played by the media in reducing the global geographical distance between societies, individuals and cultural spheres, we need to also accept that it will be impossible to curtail it from creating a global sphere. Hence continued dominance of the transnational media corporations in the world media market is a sure threat to the cultural diversity that exists at present yet local resistance has been made impossible unless political interventions are signed out, which are also prone failure- Akwule, R. Global (1992). References: Platon and M. Deuze Indymedia Journalism: A Radical Way of Making, Selecting and Sharing News? Journalism, August  1,  2003; 4(3): 336 355. Gershon A. R. Communication Department, Western Michigan University.Publication Journal of Media Economics, April 2000; 13 (2): 81 – 101 Abshire, D. M. International broadcasting: Western diplomacy’s new dimension of. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. (1976). Akwule, R. Global telecommunications: The technology, politics, and administration. Boston: Focal Press. (1992). Goff, H. D. A. B. Albarran, (Eds.). Understanding the Web: Social, economic, and political dimensions of the Internet. Ames, Iowa: ISU Press. (2000). Alexander, A. et al. (Eds.). Media economics: Theory and practice (2nd). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (1998). Megamedia A.D.: Dominance of Giant Corporations in Mass Media, How competition is distorted and democracy endangered. Lanham, MD: Rowman Litlefield(1998). Miller A. D. International communication and international power, New York: St. Martins Press. (1995). Bagdikian, H. B. The monopoly of the media (5th ed.). NY: Beacon Press. (1997). Barker, (1999). Television, globalization and cultural identities. London: Open University Press. Schlesinger B, E. The Media and Conglomerates. New York: New Press. (1998). Spark, The global village: Dead or alive? Ohio: BGP Press, (1998).

Government systems Essay -- essays research papers

An authoritarian Monarchy is a form of government in which the leader has absolute power. Under Sui Huangdi China had an authoritative monarchy. He was hated by scholars for his book burning and by peasants because he forced them to work on the Great Wall of China (Beck, pg. 109). He also set standards on weights, currency, writing, and law (Beck, pg. 109). He also built roads, and started irrigation projects (Beck, pg. 109). An advantage of his government is that he got things done to help the country economically. A benevolent monarchy/tyrant is a government where the leader has absolute power. Persia had a benevolent monarchy under Cyrus the great. When he conquered a place he treated the people living there with kindness (Beck, pg. 99). He would allow them to keep their religion and did not loot or burn down their villages (Beck, pg. 99). A theocracy is a government that is lead by a religion. The early kingdom of Israel was a theocracy. Judaism was the religion of early Israel (Beck, pg. 80). The laws of early Israel were based on the laws set by the torah. It was led by 3 kings who united the different tribes, and built a temple for their god (Beck, pg. 80). King Solomon forced his people to labor for the temple and the people revolted (Beck, pg. 80). They then split Israel into Judea and Israel (Beck, pg. 80). A confederation is a league of city states that are allies during a time of war but are otherwise independent. The Delian league was a confederation of over 200 Greek city-states. It was formed during war with Persia to fight them as one united force (Beck, pg. 133). After the league defeated Persia Athens became the leader of the league. This posed a problem because Athens used its power to control the other l... ...s oligarchy was advantageous as well because military decisions could be made quickly. An advantage of a direct democracy was that there could not be any bribery because the briber would have to bribe all 500 council members. An advantage of a republic is that all people would be taken care of even the poor since they had the right to vote and they would not vote for people who did not care about them. After reviewing all of these forms of government I would choose a republic for Iraq. A republic would meet the needs of all of the citizens. The people in Iraq are fighting over control of the government and a republic would give both parties control. Works Cited Beck, Roger. World History Patterns of Interaction United States of America: McDougal Littell, 2007 Government systems Essay -- essays research papers An authoritarian Monarchy is a form of government in which the leader has absolute power. Under Sui Huangdi China had an authoritative monarchy. He was hated by scholars for his book burning and by peasants because he forced them to work on the Great Wall of China (Beck, pg. 109). He also set standards on weights, currency, writing, and law (Beck, pg. 109). He also built roads, and started irrigation projects (Beck, pg. 109). An advantage of his government is that he got things done to help the country economically. A benevolent monarchy/tyrant is a government where the leader has absolute power. Persia had a benevolent monarchy under Cyrus the great. When he conquered a place he treated the people living there with kindness (Beck, pg. 99). He would allow them to keep their religion and did not loot or burn down their villages (Beck, pg. 99). A theocracy is a government that is lead by a religion. The early kingdom of Israel was a theocracy. Judaism was the religion of early Israel (Beck, pg. 80). The laws of early Israel were based on the laws set by the torah. It was led by 3 kings who united the different tribes, and built a temple for their god (Beck, pg. 80). King Solomon forced his people to labor for the temple and the people revolted (Beck, pg. 80). They then split Israel into Judea and Israel (Beck, pg. 80). A confederation is a league of city states that are allies during a time of war but are otherwise independent. The Delian league was a confederation of over 200 Greek city-states. It was formed during war with Persia to fight them as one united force (Beck, pg. 133). After the league defeated Persia Athens became the leader of the league. This posed a problem because Athens used its power to control the other l... ...s oligarchy was advantageous as well because military decisions could be made quickly. An advantage of a direct democracy was that there could not be any bribery because the briber would have to bribe all 500 council members. An advantage of a republic is that all people would be taken care of even the poor since they had the right to vote and they would not vote for people who did not care about them. After reviewing all of these forms of government I would choose a republic for Iraq. A republic would meet the needs of all of the citizens. The people in Iraq are fighting over control of the government and a republic would give both parties control. Works Cited Beck, Roger. World History Patterns of Interaction United States of America: McDougal Littell, 2007

The Human Genome Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Human Genome Project    With technology increasing daily in our modern society, we have to wonder what will come of all of the recent studies and large-scale research projects that have involved genetics. After recently reading two articles, I have been able to formulate some of my own predictions of what’s to come. In Lisa Sowle Cahill’s article, â€Å"The genome project: more than a medical milestone† she tells us in a concise manner, the history of the Human Genome Project. â€Å"The Human Genome (H.G. P.) began in 1990 as an international consortium of scientific terms. It planned to map systematically the entire human genome by the year 2005 on a budget of $3 billion. The major supporters of the H.G. P. are the Wellcome Trust, a large medical charity in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. federal government’s National Institute of Health. The H.G.P.’s leaders are the N.I.H.’s James D. Watson, his successor Francis S. Collins, and John. E Sulston, director of the Sanger Center in Cambridge, England. They have made it a point of seeking out international collaborators. These include experts in Germany, France, Japan, and China, all of whom have made important contributions to the recent success of the project.† A quick history it may be, but it is an extremely important one. As you can tell by the date of its beginning, the Human Genome Project is not very old by scientific standards, yet even though it may seem to be very young, the developments that have been made since its creation have been quite impressive. Personalized medicine is not very far away. This will mean that there will be drugs tailored to the individual genetic makeup of the patient, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for ailments like cancer, heart disease and some forms of mental illness (Cahill). Someday, we will most likely be able to intervene in germ cell or embryos to remove or change a gene (Cahill). â€Å"Issues of confidentiality and social control take these questions a step further, into economic and political realms,† referring to whether or not genetic information will be completely private or available to others such as family members, insurance agencies, and even employers (Cahill) This last issue brings me to the next article that I read. In Jeffrey Kluger’s, â€Å"Who owns our genes?