Global Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Law - Essay Example The company named 1plusV had claimed that Google was restricting the utilization of its powerful system especially made to attract advertisers (Kanter, 2011). Basically, the article was highlighting the fact that Google had been accused of promoting unfair competition by unduly restricting trade. Unreasonable restraint of trade is actually a legal issue in business. The right to do business or put up a business has limitations provided by law. One of which is the prohibition against unfair competition. Unjustifiable restriction of a certain trade is one aspect of unfair competition. Established and big businesses are the ones most likely to have this tendency. Some desire to monopolize a certain type of business. They do not want any competitors. These businesses aim to maintain their market position. This is directly associated to business greed. Sometimes, they implement marketing strategies that weaken its new competitors. As a result, the new businesses experience a substantial l oss of profit. It will eventually choose to stop its operation. Governments of the world have been aware of this business reality. Thus, they issue business laws to promote fair competition. The latest accusation against Google can somehow illustrate the issue on unfair competition.

Transantional Media Essay Example for Free

Transantional Media Essay Introduction The media has played a very crucial role in the transformation of people, their culture and lifestyles world over. The media itself has been on constant revolution with some growing to become big multinational or transnational corporations. This growth and evolution has been necessitated by a few factors among them being: The shifting business environment The changes in communication technology The changes taking place in terms of politics Emergence of global business and the emergence of common markets like Free-Trade agreements such as NAFTA and Easy export and import of business culture and business interests Take an example of the Snow White and the seven dwarfs in the early 1930’s and the Disney world in the early 30’s. The Disneyland of today for example is a whole world of wonders consisting of: Movies Museum Mobile Arks Shop Television Radio Satellite Records Music On Ice Music on Broadway Cruises Resorts and Amusement This means that the effect created by such a transnational media would not only be felt in the mother country but world over as well. To this end however, it would not be wise to downplay the role the media corporations play without critically looking into the effects the very existence and expansion of such corporations have on the society in general. This is because the society of today values information significantly as a vital product in the market, Gershon R. A. – (2000) The other issue is that these media corporations are traversing a world with different cultures and lifestyles yet they themselves have a central origin with a particular culture. Therefore it would be good to know if they could influence others by such cultures and ultimately change their ways of living. What would be the reaction of the locals? Would they resist such external influence? How would they try to resist and would such resistance be effective or successful? These are some of the questions this article will examine and the main reason is because the world comprises people of different preferences, tastes, fashion and who live on diverse culture divides. What one culture might resist as not worth taking another culture may find no difficulty in its daily course of events and society’s mode of life. It may be even a serious challenge where such different cultures exist in such a way that they are mingled up and it is difficult to isolate or selectively come up with a particular group and claim to placed   it in a particular culture. It is also good to remember that the world, due to such technological developments such as the advent of the computer era and transnational media, has become such a small village in such a manner that people in the US, UK, Africa and Far East share or live on similar divide. Discussion The media imperialism thesis has for long argued against the expansion of Western media. It has maintained that such an expansion especially creating roots into the developing world has had great consequences resulting in the supremacy over the developing countries’ national media environments. The consequences of such domination would be to destroy the indigenous media production of the developing countries, (Kalyani Chadha, 2000). However, according to history, societies which live under despotic regimes created by superimposing media have constantly come up with alternative forms of communication as instruments of subversion. Most common forms include the use of underground newspapers though the issue is even completed further with the fact that the there are more sophisticated communication technologies in the modern world. These new communication technologies have made it possible for transnational media and the citizen to participate amicably with great empowerment. It should be realized that the transnational media has also been of great help in helping the citizens to creatively exploit new media to resist state propaganda roiled out through the mainstream media, (Moyo, D. 2007). Critical scholars time and again view media concentration as an expression of corporate free enterprise: that is, influential media owned and sustained by wealthy private interests. In liberal democracies, the media exerts its power and ability to influence the lifestyles of people through performance of three main duties. They act as watchdogs on governments provide conduits for the two-way flow of information between the people and their government, and lastly they act as source of information for the professed free bazaar of ideas, (Mowlana, H. (1996). Global communication in transition: The end of diversity. London: Sage). Critical mass in media industries is what this article is all about with empirical tenability being a critical point of examination. Great emphasis lies on emerging production centers like the Hollywood and the manner in which such media productions penetrate their businesses into other frontier market like East Asia and Africa. In order to understand the issue much better it is good to examine the growth models used by emerging media economies. More specifically, the framework critiques approaches that argue that global integration is normatively disadvantageous to peripheral industries and societies. These growth models are: De-territorialization Media,(low-cost outsourcing); Isomorphism (cloning culture); Cultural technology transfer (co-productions and franchise agreements); Niche markets (breakthroughs); and Cultural or industrial milieu (local clusters).   Culture Society  © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi), Economic and organizational factors are the major lead forces causing cultural globalization. Yet this cultural globalization must have an organizational infrastructure. A form of such globalization comes about   as   a   product   of   the   actions   of   media   and   entertainment   organizations   based   in advanced countries and whose production and distribution of film, television, and popular music creates a certain global dominance which basically depends on the economic standing of the media mother country rather than the cultural factors. And that’s why American firms in particular have   profited   from   the   size   of   their   national   market   and   the fact that funds   for investment are available. Thus a minute number of media corporations, based in a few Western countries, control the production and global distribution of television, film, book publishing and popular music. Due to deregulation of national media industries and emergence of new technologies, global media market has developed. In this oligopolistic market the level of investment required to enter the market is so high, due to high costs of production and distribution. Developing countries are locked out in a competition by the developed ones thus it makes it easy for those vertically integrated corporations to make huge profits by selling very similar product in   different media thereby influencing the people in all areas: books, films, theater movies, cable television, CD- rom and others. The films which are expensively produced capitalize on technical effects that are much concerned with action, stunt and violence rather than character and emotion. This is because action films have a greater impact since they are simple to understand in diversity considering the diversity of languages spoken across the globe. Hindrances and Local Resistance Before looking at the effect and extend of local resistance, we should keenly look at some of the forces that have hindered the development and influence of the transnational media in the different parts of the world. As we had seen earlier, the transnational media corporations we have today have undergone several stages of development through a series of obstacles. Thus in a world of competition we expect some to prosper and others to flop. This is the reason as to why there are those that have grown while others have not. Those that grew are the ones that withstood the challenges. In the beginning of the desire to expand their influence, the media had a lot of trouble due to technical impediments that existed between the developed and the yet to develop nations. This meant that the influence could not penetrate easily to the required level. For example the fact that some nations had developed satellite while others depended on the cable for communication. And in fact communication in some countries was still very underdeveloped and therefore installation had to take place before further penetration- Richeri (1994) Another hindrance was the fact that there was a great divide caused by linguistic obstacle.   Considering this, you find that there was a great difference in the time of news broadcast, type and structure of news especially given that the same reporter cannot present all the news. Thirdly, there were financial obstacles which were as a result of the difficulty with which advertisement could be put into one platform to satisfy a wide range of audience with different needs. Lastly we meet the cultural obstacle. People have varied cultures which they want to preserve at all costs and would try to resist any force which may intend to change their culture.   This local resistance still meets various challenges especially which are political and technological. Most governments have deregulated their broadcasting and this has had the following consequences: A shift from public to private media Normative goals have shifted to commercial goals A movement from political system to the market model A shift from national media to transnational operators The above points imply that the media has become more liberal, now having owners, administrators and advertisers and the fact that political influence is not uncommon. Therefore local resistance becomes a difficult task to accomplish. However, transnational media’s political aspects have remained a thing of the past or completely failed or have survived precariously as a preserve of the business or political elite.   Ã‚  Collins (1996) However, some argue that the success of transnational media in influencing the culture of the world will fail automatically given the cultural diversity. It is argued further that due to vast dissimilar languages, diverse cultures, political practices and even trends in media usage attempts by the transnational media to influence the world culture would fail even if there were no attempts to interrupt such an influence. This is because for it to succeed effectively, it would require an existence of uniform political world, a world with one language, the one with homogeneous cultures or lifestyle. Yet creation of such a society is not nearly possible as consensus would not be probable. Although there are those who hold that the emergence of a global public sphere is already imminent and as such, they maintain, it is possible that a uniform cultured world is achievable or already being achieved. For example, based on this argument, they say that the public, its opinion and the world political system is already under a strong influence of the global communication rather than a particular political state or system.   (Volkmer, 1999: 119) Skeptics have their view.   Political economic tradition criticism maintains that global media corporations play an increasingly imperative role in that they in reality control media industries all over the world. These changes are primarily caused by commercial and industrial momentum thus both culture and communication becomes more profit-oriented and product-driven. (Schiller, 1993 also Spark, 1998).   Another faction of the skeptics holds that based on cultural and institutional analysis of the current processes which lead to development of the transnational media, transnational media does not have a wide reach but rather regional such that even within its primary reach it is yet to make a universal penetration, (e.g. Collins, 1994, 1996 1998; Schlesinger, 1993 1999). In addition, you find that in most countries the usage of transnational media channels is restricted only to the well educated cadres and the business or political elites and mostly only applicable as a back-up to the national news channels viewed by a majority. According to this view it means that international media corporations cannot play a worthwhile role in formation or creation of a world public sphere or global culture. But there is still a point to consider in our argument. Technological development led to globalization especially invention of satellite which contributed to the development of mass media and more so electronic media which rather created a global village. Therefore people interacted and lived on a global scale since space and time barriers in human communication were collapsed. For example as mentioned in the introductory part, Disney culture can be found in many countries today in the world due to the Globalization of Culture different audiences can be brought different cultural experiences. Thus people in Japan, China and other far Eastern countries have learnt about Christmas Day, Valentine’s Day much from mass media making such events more popular in those parts of the world. Today, Disney is among the largest media and most popular entertainment corporations known in the world. Yet this Disney has been part of America’s cultural identity. This shows an example of how transnational media has influenced culture across the globe. Disney Theme Parks for example are found in Hong Kong, Tokyo and Paris showing a transfer of this culture from the original cradle to other countries despite it being commercialized. On the other hand, Internet incites a globalization of both public sphere and news media. It enables more interactive passage of information via its bidirectional communicative Technology, that is, Online Chat, e-mail and etc- C. Barker, (1999). Conclusion The hindrances that earlier on faced the expansion and influence of the transnational media corporations are no longer effective as the world becomes more liberal in handling of its affairs. Hence, as media companies of today grow persistently and continuously keep expanding, the challenges of staying competitive globally become all the time more difficult but the corporations use strategic planning to deal with environmental dynamics that affect their business. This means that penetration of other cultures in a region is not as difficult as it used to be earlier on when it had just started making in roots. Linguistic obstacle that used to be is no longer a problem since people are able to understand gestures, picture motions and other physical aspects of communication even if language is not availed: – audio- visual effects of today’s communication C. Barker, (1999). This therefore implies that local resistance would not be sufficient to counter the effects and impact of multinational media corporations in influencing cultural aspects of the world we live in today. Information is a major product on high demand and the way this information is channeled to the end user will have a significant impact on the behavior of the user after reception of the information. Thus so far, as we acknowledge the role played by the media in reducing the global geographical distance between societies, individuals and cultural spheres, we need to also accept that it will be impossible to curtail it from creating a global sphere. Hence continued dominance of the transnational media corporations in the world media market is a sure threat to the cultural diversity that exists at present yet local resistance has been made impossible unless political interventions are signed out, which are also prone failure- Akwule, R. Global (1992). References: Platon and M. Deuze Indymedia Journalism: A Radical Way of Making, Selecting and Sharing News? Journalism, August  1,  2003; 4(3): 336 355. Gershon A. R. Communication Department, Western Michigan University.Publication Journal of Media Economics, April 2000; 13 (2): 81 – 101 Abshire, D. M. International broadcasting: Western diplomacy’s new dimension of. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. (1976). Akwule, R. Global telecommunications: The technology, politics, and administration. Boston: Focal Press. (1992). Goff, H. D. A. B. Albarran, (Eds.). Understanding the Web: Social, economic, and political dimensions of the Internet. Ames, Iowa: ISU Press. (2000). Alexander, A. et al. (Eds.). Media economics: Theory and practice (2nd). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (1998). Megamedia A.D.: Dominance of Giant Corporations in Mass Media, How competition is distorted and democracy endangered. Lanham, MD: Rowman Litlefield(1998). Miller A. D. International communication and international power, New York: St. Martins Press. (1995). Bagdikian, H. B. The monopoly of the media (5th ed.). NY: Beacon Press. (1997). Barker, (1999). Television, globalization and cultural identities. London: Open University Press. Schlesinger B, E. The Media and Conglomerates. New York: New Press. (1998). Spark, The global village: Dead or alive? Ohio: BGP Press, (1998).

Government systems Essay -- essays research papers

An authoritarian Monarchy is a form of government in which the leader has absolute power. Under Sui Huangdi China had an authoritative monarchy. He was hated by scholars for his book burning and by peasants because he forced them to work on the Great Wall of China (Beck, pg. 109). He also set standards on weights, currency, writing, and law (Beck, pg. 109). He also built roads, and started irrigation projects (Beck, pg. 109). An advantage of his government is that he got things done to help the country economically. A benevolent monarchy/tyrant is a government where the leader has absolute power. Persia had a benevolent monarchy under Cyrus the great. When he conquered a place he treated the people living there with kindness (Beck, pg. 99). He would allow them to keep their religion and did not loot or burn down their villages (Beck, pg. 99). A theocracy is a government that is lead by a religion. The early kingdom of Israel was a theocracy. Judaism was the religion of early Israel (Beck, pg. 80). The laws of early Israel were based on the laws set by the torah. It was led by 3 kings who united the different tribes, and built a temple for their god (Beck, pg. 80). King Solomon forced his people to labor for the temple and the people revolted (Beck, pg. 80). They then split Israel into Judea and Israel (Beck, pg. 80). A confederation is a league of city states that are allies during a time of war but are otherwise independent. The Delian league was a confederation of over 200 Greek city-states. It was formed during war with Persia to fight them as one united force (Beck, pg. 133). After the league defeated Persia Athens became the leader of the league. This posed a problem because Athens used its power to control the other l... ...s oligarchy was advantageous as well because military decisions could be made quickly. An advantage of a direct democracy was that there could not be any bribery because the briber would have to bribe all 500 council members. An advantage of a republic is that all people would be taken care of even the poor since they had the right to vote and they would not vote for people who did not care about them. After reviewing all of these forms of government I would choose a republic for Iraq. A republic would meet the needs of all of the citizens. The people in Iraq are fighting over control of the government and a republic would give both parties control. Works Cited Beck, Roger. World History Patterns of Interaction United States of America: McDougal Littell, 2007 Government systems Essay -- essays research papers An authoritarian Monarchy is a form of government in which the leader has absolute power. Under Sui Huangdi China had an authoritative monarchy. He was hated by scholars for his book burning and by peasants because he forced them to work on the Great Wall of China (Beck, pg. 109). He also set standards on weights, currency, writing, and law (Beck, pg. 109). He also built roads, and started irrigation projects (Beck, pg. 109). An advantage of his government is that he got things done to help the country economically. A benevolent monarchy/tyrant is a government where the leader has absolute power. Persia had a benevolent monarchy under Cyrus the great. When he conquered a place he treated the people living there with kindness (Beck, pg. 99). He would allow them to keep their religion and did not loot or burn down their villages (Beck, pg. 99). A theocracy is a government that is lead by a religion. The early kingdom of Israel was a theocracy. Judaism was the religion of early Israel (Beck, pg. 80). The laws of early Israel were based on the laws set by the torah. It was led by 3 kings who united the different tribes, and built a temple for their god (Beck, pg. 80). King Solomon forced his people to labor for the temple and the people revolted (Beck, pg. 80). They then split Israel into Judea and Israel (Beck, pg. 80). A confederation is a league of city states that are allies during a time of war but are otherwise independent. The Delian league was a confederation of over 200 Greek city-states. It was formed during war with Persia to fight them as one united force (Beck, pg. 133). After the league defeated Persia Athens became the leader of the league. This posed a problem because Athens used its power to control the other l... ...s oligarchy was advantageous as well because military decisions could be made quickly. An advantage of a direct democracy was that there could not be any bribery because the briber would have to bribe all 500 council members. An advantage of a republic is that all people would be taken care of even the poor since they had the right to vote and they would not vote for people who did not care about them. After reviewing all of these forms of government I would choose a republic for Iraq. A republic would meet the needs of all of the citizens. The people in Iraq are fighting over control of the government and a republic would give both parties control. Works Cited Beck, Roger. World History Patterns of Interaction United States of America: McDougal Littell, 2007

The Human Genome Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Human Genome Project    With technology increasing daily in our modern society, we have to wonder what will come of all of the recent studies and large-scale research projects that have involved genetics. After recently reading two articles, I have been able to formulate some of my own predictions of what’s to come. In Lisa Sowle Cahill’s article, â€Å"The genome project: more than a medical milestone† she tells us in a concise manner, the history of the Human Genome Project. â€Å"The Human Genome (H.G. P.) began in 1990 as an international consortium of scientific terms. It planned to map systematically the entire human genome by the year 2005 on a budget of $3 billion. The major supporters of the H.G. P. are the Wellcome Trust, a large medical charity in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. federal government’s National Institute of Health. The H.G.P.’s leaders are the N.I.H.’s James D. Watson, his successor Francis S. Collins, and John. E Sulston, director of the Sanger Center in Cambridge, England. They have made it a point of seeking out international collaborators. These include experts in Germany, France, Japan, and China, all of whom have made important contributions to the recent success of the project.† A quick history it may be, but it is an extremely important one. As you can tell by the date of its beginning, the Human Genome Project is not very old by scientific standards, yet even though it may seem to be very young, the developments that have been made since its creation have been quite impressive. Personalized medicine is not very far away. This will mean that there will be drugs tailored to the individual genetic makeup of the patient, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for ailments like cancer, heart disease and some forms of mental illness (Cahill). Someday, we will most likely be able to intervene in germ cell or embryos to remove or change a gene (Cahill). â€Å"Issues of confidentiality and social control take these questions a step further, into economic and political realms,† referring to whether or not genetic information will be completely private or available to others such as family members, insurance agencies, and even employers (Cahill) This last issue brings me to the next article that I read. In Jeffrey Kluger’s, â€Å"Who owns our genes?

Best Practices in Managing the Human Factors of HR Management Literature Review Essay

Human Resource Management is one of the most significant functions in an enterprise. However, there are different factors that are impacting on HRM. Human Factors has its origins in the Industrial Revolution and emerged as a full-fledged discipline during World War II. It was recognized that aircraft cockpit design needed to consider the human interface for controls and displays. Design Engineers were focused on the technology while Industrial Psychologists worked to optimize the interface. In some cases, Human Factors design can affect bottom-line profitability or can be a life and death matter, e. g. , you don’t want to push the wrong button or mistake meters for kilometers in a spacecraft. Companies came to realize that a products success is dependent upon good Human Factors design. Human Factors are very important for the successful operation of the company. The term â€Å"human factors† is to a large extent synonymous with the term â€Å"ergonomics† Human Factors Integration Research with Defense Technology Center is Human Factors Integration is the process adopted by a number of key industries (notably defense like United Defense and hazardous industries like oil & gas like Shell) in Europe to integrate human factors elements into the systems engineering process. Although each industry has a slightly different domain the underlying approach is the same. HFI undertakes this by conducting a formal process that identifies and reconciles human related issues. These issues are split for convenience into domains. Manpower – The number of military and civilian personnel required and potentially available to operate, maintain, sustain and provide training for systems Page 2 Personnel – The cognitive and physical capabilities required to be able to train for, operate, maintain and sustain systems. Training – The instruction or education, and on-the-job or unit training required to provide personnel their essential job skills, knowledge, values and attributes. Human Factors Engineering – The integration of human characteristics into system definition, design, development, and evaluation to optimize human-machine performance under operational conditions. Health Hazard Assessment – Short or long term hazards to health occurring as a result of normal operation of the system. System Safety – Safety risks occurring when the system is functioning in an abnormal manner. Strengths: Indentifying the Problem, Evaluation and solving issues Weakness: Psychological Human Factors are not treated. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering One of the best Practice in Managing Human Resource is HFE, Firstly implemented by Motorola, USA in 1984 is considered as the best for employees. In Research with HFE, Motorola is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees work. However, Motorola HFE comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody Human Factors principles if well designed. Strengths: Employee Determination at work, Safety & Health and Low Stress methods. Weakness: More importance to Leisure time and found some Low Production. Page 3 Encourage Employee Development Growth of a company is closely linked to employee development within the organization where each employee plays a vital role in the success of the company. Employee growth has direct and indirect benefits. More knowledgeable, skilled and capable employees directly impact your company’s ability to satisfy customers, resolve problems and crises, and adapt to changing market conditions. Paying for an employee’s continuing professional education, for example, can help your company gain expertise in new technologies and markets, which can save you money in the long run. This type of practice is found in Coco Cola, where are often send to Trainings on different process. Strengths: Motivational to Employee and Long Retention periods. Weakness: Cost effective and Time Taking Process. Work Life Balance The term â€Å"work life balance† was coined in 1986 in response to the rising trend Human Factors in Development of the Company. The employee Psychological benefits are taken into consideration with many instructions like Stay positive, stay in control, Stay healthy, Divide and de-clutter, Keep stress under control and other safety measures. This helps the companies to maintain good relations with the employees and make them as the best factor of production. In Research with General Electric which follows Work Life Balance as a practice to develop Human Factors. Strengths: High Production Facility, Long Retention and Safe Employee and Company Relations. Weakness: Only limited to Companies with Large Scale of Production Facilities. Page 4 Corporate Mentoring Programs Corporate Mentoring Programs are like teaching classes where employees are motivated to the work and work environment, making employee coordinated towards work. Therefore, companies have started to place greater emphasis on personal attributes while selecting and developing staff. This brings a number of benefits to the business, not the least of which is a cohesive team. On going development of employee potential is critical for business success. Corporate mentoring programs are effective in quickly ramping up employee performance because they facilitate the transfer of business knowledge in a way that is not quite possible in regular training. Strengths: Every Effective Approach in Developing Human Factors, Human Psychological Advantage and Growth Oriented. Weakness: Very Systematic Approach. Metrics to Evaluate the Practices Human Factors Integration (HFI) implemented by Defense sectors is only related to Large Scale industries although it has all the factors of Human Factors. Key Performance Indicator of Human Factor Integration(HFI) is the Objective oriented and Specific Tasking. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering is also related to tasking and other relations, not dealing with the Psychological factors of the Employees. Encourage Employee Development is training method to make them work in stress and problems, No personal and physical importance is not given to the employees. During this Research we found that the best Practice that develops the Human Factors in the company is Corporate Mentoring Programs, where the employees are motivated on the work and provide various benefits including safety and stress free work Page 5 environment. Research with Minnesota University, I found that more than 80% of the companies in United States uses this Corporate Mentoring Programs. References †¢ Creating a Mentoring Culture: The Organization’s Guide, 2007 †¢ A Strategic Approach To Corporate Mentoring Programs, CEO World Magazine, 2006 †¢ Human Factors & Methods – Robert Stanley – Edition 2, 2006 †¢ Ergonomics Society, UK †¢ Human Resource Management Programs at Human Factors and Ergonomics Society †¢ Research Center for Work Safety and Human Engineering, Technion, Israel. †¢ Motorola HR Practices, www. motorola. com

Job Interview Guide and Practice for ESL Students

Job Interview Guide and Practice for ESL Students In this extended job interviewing listening selection, youll hear the first few moments of a job interview. Before you listen, there are a few things you should note about standard job interview behavior, speaking forms used, and more. Breaking the Ice Youll notice a few questions in the beginning of the interview that concerns how the job applicant arrived and the weather. This is commonly referred to as breaking the ice. Breaking the ice is an important way to begin the job interview, but it shouldnt take too long. Generally, job interviewers will break the ice to help you feel comfortable. Make sure to give positive, but not too detailed answers to these ice breakers. Give short, positive answers to questions.Dont go into too much detail.Expect questions about the weather or how you arrived at the job interview.Its a good idea to make a pleasant comment yourself to break the ice. Keep it short, positive and simple. Referrals Sometimes, you may have found about a job opportunity through a referral. If this is the case, make sure to use the referral to your best advantage by mentioning it at the beginning of the interview. Mention the name of the referral at the beginning of the interview. Ideally, this should be done when asked about how you found the job opening.Provide the name of the referral, but dont go into too much detail about the relationship, unless asked.Give the name of the referral only once. Dont continue to repeat the name during the interview.Dont assume the job interviewer knows the person you are mentioning. Language Relating your job experience and how it relates to the specific job for which you are applying are the two most important tasks during any job interview. Make sure to use lots of descriptive verbs and adjectives to describe your responsibilities. For example, instead of the following job description: I talked to customers about their problems. A more descriptive phrase with better vocabulary might be: I counseled customers documenting their concerns, and coordinating our response to their individual needs. In the listening selection, you will hear the present perfect, present perfect continuous and present simple used because the person is speaking about his current projects. Take some time to prepare descriptive sentences concerning your responsibilities.Use a dictionary, or this handy job interview vocabulary page to improve your vocabulary selection.Make sure to connect your past experience to the position by using lots of present perfect.Quickly review appropriate job interviewing tenses for describing experiences. Now that youve reviewed some basic interviewing technique, open this link in a new window and listen a few times to the job interview listening selection. If you have difficulties understanding, go to the next page to see a transcription of the job interview. Interviewer (Ms Hanford): (opens door, shakes hands) Good morning†¦Job Applicant (Mr. Anderson): Good morning, Joe Anderson, its a pleasure to meet you Ms Hanford. Hanford: How do you do? Please take a seat. (Joe sits) Its quite the rainy day outside, isnt it?Anderson: Yes, luckily, you have a nice underground parking lot that helped me avoid the worst of it. I must say this is an impressive building. Hanford: Thank you, we like working here... Now, lets see. Youve come to interview for the position of e-commerce manager, havent you?Anderson: Yes, Peter Smith encouraged me to apply, and I think Id be ideal for the position. Hanford: Oh. Peter†¦ hes a great sysadmin, we like him a lot †¦ Lets go over your resume. Could you begin by telling me about your qualifications?Anderson: Certainly. Ive been working as the regional assistant director of marketing at Simpco Northwest for the past year. Hanford: And what did you do before that?Anderson: Before that, I was a Simpco local branch manager in Tacoma. Hanford: Well, I see you have done well at Simpco. Can you give me some more detail about your responsibilities as assistant director?Anderson: Yes, Ive been in charge of in-house personnel training for our Internet customer service reps over the past six months. Hanford: Can you tell me a little bit about what youve been doing in your training?Anderson: Weve been working on improving customer satisfaction through an innovative e-commerce solution which provides real-time chat service help to visitors to the site. Hanford: Interesting. Is there anything in particular you feel would be useful here at Sanders Co.?Anderson: I understand that you have been expanding your e-commerce to include social networking features. Hanford: Yes, thats correct.Anderson: I think that my experience in customer relations via the Internet in real-time puts me in the unique position of understanding what works and what doesnt. Hanford: Yes, that does sound useful. What difficulties and challenges do you think we might run into?Anderson: Well, I think well continue to see consumers spend more of the shopping dollars online. Ive been studying how sales directly relates to customer satisfaction with online services. Hanford: Would you mind giving me a bit more detail on that?Anderson: Sure ... if customers arent satisfied with the service they receive online, they wont come back. Its much easier to lose customers online. Thats why you need to make sure that you get it right the first time round. Hanford: I can see youve learnt quite a lot in the short time youve been working in e-commerce.Anderson: Yes, its an exciting field to be working in †¦

IDENTITY THEFT essays

IDENTITY THEFT essays With the public emergence and worldwide explosion of the internet, Identity theft has become one of the most rapidly increasing crimes. What was once a personal crime requiring criminals to have some form of contact with the victim, if nothing more than rummaging through the trash, can now be done from as close as next door or as far away as across the world. No one is exempt from the possibility that they could be a victim. Identity theft has advanced so rapidly that government and law enforcement agencies have not been able to keep up with new legislature. Many states still do not view Identity theft as a crime. It is the victim who has to prove fraud exists. The judicial system that currently exists in this country states that any one accused of a crime is innocent until proven guilty. This is not the case with Identity theft. These people are considered guilty until such time as they can prove their innocence. One of the problems encountered in the ongoing battle against Identity theft is that at this time no standard definition currently exists. Identity is defined by Merriam Webster on-line as the distinguishing character or personality of an individual identification; the condition of being the same with something described or asserted. ie establish the identity of stolen goods. Meriam Webster on-line also defines Theft as: the act of stealing; specifically : the felonious taking and removing of personal property with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The best explanation of Identity theft was by one web site which defines it as: Identity theft involves acquiring key pieces of someone's identifying information in order to impersonate them and commit various crimes in that person's name. Besides basic information like name, address and telephone number, identity thieves look for social insurance numbers, driver's license numbers, credit card and/or bank account numbers, as well as bank cards, telephone c...

Paranoid essays

Paranoid essays Schizoid personality disorder has a complicated past. It was originally conceptualized as the personality type associated with schizophrenia. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders states that schizoid personality disorder should not be diagnosed if the pattern of behavior occurs exclusively during the course of schizophrenia. But this does not mean that the two cannot co-occur. Schizoid personality disorder most often co-occurs with schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidance personality disorders. At the turn of the twentieth century, schizoid personality disorder was described as a trait-like variant of schizophrenia. Others described it as shut-in personality, schizoidie, and even as autistic personality. The term schizoid was also used in broader terms to identify socially withdrawn patients who had great difficulty with intimacy and peculiar behavior now associated with schizotypal personality disorder. However schizoid personality disorder can be differentiated from other disorders. Schizoid personality disorder is different from schizotypal personality disorder in that schizotypal personality disorder lacks the cognitive and perceptual distortions that are associated with schizoid personality disorder. It can be distinguished from paranoid personality disorder by the lack of suspiciousness and paranoid ideation. The social isolation of schizoid personalities can be distinguished from that of avoidant personalities by a lack of fear of being embarrassed or found inadequate and an excessive anticipation of rejection. It can be distinguished from autistic disorder but not easily. Milder forms of autistic disorder are very similar to schizoid personality disorder, so differentiation is very difficult. This is also true for aspergers disorder. However, they can be differentiated. Their symptoms both exhibit more severely impaired social interaction and stereotyped b...

Empowerment is an unrealistic concept. Discuss Essay

Empowerment is an unrealistic concept. Discuss - Essay Example The following paper critically discusses the disadvantages and advantages of empowerment by applying appropriate theories and practices of organisational motivation. Empowerment has grown popular amongst various management teams across the world (Robbins et al., 2011, p. 573). This widespread acknowledgement of its positive impacts on organisational output led to the development of a new management style. However, it is worth noting that empowerment is more than delegation as others see empowerment as an opportunity to reduce their workload. Employee empowerment is a common and often effective management strategy (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 6). Employee management gives employees a sense of autonomy and responsibility for decisions they make. Independence and responsibility should increase organizational responsiveness to issues as well as increase productivity. Employee empowerment also creates greater commitment towards the company’s goals since employees can take responsibility and make decisions on behalf of management. However, various factors an organisation can consider during empowerment include coordination throughout the organisation (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 4). Coordination largely calls for decentralized decisions and removal of approval from top management. The relationship between the employee and manager may become tenser as the boundaries of authority can be blurred at times. Trust is essential for empowerment to occur in an organisation (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 2). Management must develop a positive and productive environment that encourages employees to use their common sense and individual judgements. As a result, management strengthens the bond between managers and employees and makes the organisation more productive (Robbins et al., 2011, p. 573). In the process, a strengthened manager-employee bond results in an increase in earnings growth due to employee input. It is

Delivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone Essay

Delivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the potential use of mobile phones for educational purposes among poor people. In order to cover all aspects of the issue under examination the research developed for this study has been based on both theory and empirical findings. In this context, this paper has been structured as follows: a) in the Introductory section the theme of the study is briefly presented, b) in the literature review section, the existing theories in regard to learning are presented; the theories and views presented in this section help to understand whether online education could fully cover the educational needs of poor people; c) the next part of the study is the Research question and method where the terms under which empirical studies have been involved in this paper are presented; d) the findings of the empirical studies are presented in another section, the Analysis and Results section; e) in the Discussion and Implications section the practical implications of the use of mobi le phones in education and the potential benefits of such educational approach for poor people are made clear; f) the conclusions developed from the findings of the literature and the empirical research are presented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. ... ented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. 2. Literature Review Online learning has been proved as an effective scheme to respond to certain educational needs that cannot be covered otherwise. At the same time, online learning can be used as a complementary educational tool for saving time and cost in the delivery of curriculum (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). However, in practice, online learning have resulted to key major problems: a) the lack of safety in regard to the work of each student and b) the creation of inequalities according to the technology used for accessing online learning programs (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Indeed, it seems that there is mechanism for guaranteeing the protection of the work of each student in the context of an online learning program even if the development of technology related to online learning has been impressive (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Moreover, online learning has led to the increase of the gap between rich and poor students: the former are able to use advanced technology for participating in online learning programs, a fact that promotes inequality in education (Illeris 2008). Under these terms, it would be necessary to review how the use of mobile phones as a tool for supporting the educational needs of poor people would be feasible and which measures should be taken for securing the quality of education provided through this mechanism. The performance of individuals in team-working and in handling advanced technology has been often considered as a significant advantage, even higher from these persons’ educational background (Remenvi 2008). In particular, the ability of

The Importance of Ethics to Sustainable Growth in Engineering Essay

The Importance of Ethics to Sustainable Growth in Engineering Enterprise - Essay Example So, predefined policies that direct employees are represented through the organizational culture which gives them proper sense of direction to accomplish their targets. Ethical standards are also greatly appreciated by the consumers. It has been observed that customers are biased towards those companies who follow ethical code of conduct. Ethical standards also include implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in their production strategy. The paper here essentially emphasises on the importance that engineering companies are supposed to pay on their ethical practices. Since engineering companies produce goods that are directly consumed by the society, they bear high responsibility towards the community. The paper here has taken the help of both secondary and primary data for the completion of research work on two countries, the United Kingdom and China and compared their attitude towards implementing guidelines. The study started with a brief introduction and then literature review. Literature review examines various theories related to ethical standards and its practices along with its positive affects that it creates on the workplace. The next part is the methodology portion in which the data collection methods and the research approach have been widely discussed. The methodology also discusses about the primary research that comprises of open-ended questionnaire survey. It also explains the research instruments app lied in the study. The research findings collect the secondary data on the basis of the 9 questions that are discussed in the methodology part. The analyses and comparison of the outcomes with respect to UK and China are done in the data analysis part. The engineering sector broadly deals with factories, machines, plants and machineries (Kopnina and Blewitt, 2014). The engineers employed are responsible for a company’s production operations that include building cost efficient techniques of production,

Merchant Trade Around the World During World Colonization Research Paper - 2

Merchant Trade Around the World During World Colonization - Research Paper Example The movement’s â€Å"diversification and lack of centralized leadership† strengthened their ability to survive whenever they were persecuted (King, Bays and Foster xv-xvi). Leonard Howell, who is known to establish the Pinnacle, a commune where his followers lived, forming a community, was just one of the first preachers of Rastafari, who returned to Jamaica in the midst of an upsurge of Revivalism after being discharged from Panama to join the U.S. Army Transport Service as a cook was a defiant anticolonialist. â€Å"He is said to have encouraged or threatened peasants not to pay taxes† (Chevannes 121-122). In 1932, he encouraged Jamaicans to reject the authority of the King of England and to give their loyalties to the new emperor of Ethiopia, selling pictures of Haile Selassie as future passports to Ethiopia. He was arrested, together with his deputy for breaking Jamaica’s sedition laws and sentenced to two years of hard labour, and his deputy to one ye ar(King, Bays and Foster xv-xvi). According to Ennis B. Edmonds and Michelle A. Gonzalez, â€Å"the rise of a new generation of Rastafarian artists †¦ Artists†¦have focused the critical eye of Rastafari on continued inequities and exploitation in Jamaican society†¦ It has grown from small beginnings to become a religion known and embraced around the world.† The movement spread to other countries because people, particularly students from other places such as the Caribbean islands who study in Jamaica brought Rastafari to their own countries while Jamaican students who study in other countries like Barbados, Trinidad, Cuba and other countries shared their belief and convictions, together with their reggae music.

Summarize the Ssources Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summarize the Ssources - Coursework Example For example, in the case of Marijuana, it evaluates health issues related with the drug. Medical anthropology is discussed in the book’s first part; the second part evaluates the environment and health along with the social sources of certain health issues, the range of medical systems in various societies is evaluated in the third part while the fourth part is in support of the fusion of social action and theoretical perspectives (Baer, et al., n.p.). The book provides an approach that is proportional and engaging in terms of both local and state politics. It demonstrates how the government and politics vary between communities and the states in which the communities are situated. It also identifies and discusses the sources and impacts of these differences. The book also looks at concepts put forward by societal scientists concerning the impacts of institutions and regulations on policies and politics. An example is that of the Arizona department of health that was tasked with regulating sale and use of Marijuana specifically for medicinal reasons. By evaluating such institutional mandates, the book gives insight on the outcomes and impacts of such regulations. The book also evaluates the effects of public policies and political bodies on public predicaments, and people like policies on prohibited drugs and their use (Donovan et al., n.p.). The book specifically and categorically looks at the campaign by the federal government against Marijuana. According to the book, the campaign by the federal government against Marijuana is focused on all aspects of Marijuana that include, its growth, cultivation, sale, and use that includes medicinal and recreational purposes. The book goes through the various administrations that have led the federal government including the Clinton, Bush, and Reagan administrations. It evaluates the efforts of these administrations to stop every use of Marijuana. The book looks at how these administrations disregarded

Merchant Trade Around the World During World Colonization Research Paper - 2

Merchant Trade Around the World During World Colonization - Research Paper Example The movement’s â€Å"diversification and lack of centralized leadership† strengthened their ability to survive whenever they were persecuted (King, Bays and Foster xv-xvi). Leonard Howell, who is known to establish the Pinnacle, a commune where his followers lived, forming a community, was just one of the first preachers of Rastafari, who returned to Jamaica in the midst of an upsurge of Revivalism after being discharged from Panama to join the U.S. Army Transport Service as a cook was a defiant anticolonialist. â€Å"He is said to have encouraged or threatened peasants not to pay taxes† (Chevannes 121-122). In 1932, he encouraged Jamaicans to reject the authority of the King of England and to give their loyalties to the new emperor of Ethiopia, selling pictures of Haile Selassie as future passports to Ethiopia. He was arrested, together with his deputy for breaking Jamaica’s sedition laws and sentenced to two years of hard labour, and his deputy to one ye ar(King, Bays and Foster xv-xvi). According to Ennis B. Edmonds and Michelle A. Gonzalez, â€Å"the rise of a new generation of Rastafarian artists †¦ Artists†¦have focused the critical eye of Rastafari on continued inequities and exploitation in Jamaican society†¦ It has grown from small beginnings to become a religion known and embraced around the world.† The movement spread to other countries because people, particularly students from other places such as the Caribbean islands who study in Jamaica brought Rastafari to their own countries while Jamaican students who study in other countries like Barbados, Trinidad, Cuba and other countries shared their belief and convictions, together with their reggae music.

Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports - Essay Example When fans attend a sports match, they want to feel satisfied that they have got their money’s worth. The three sports that are the most spectator-friendly are wresting, basketball, and soccer. The kind of sums paid to participants in these sports makes the price of admission go up considerably. True fans, though, do not want to miss out on any action and will thus support their sport no end. Wrestling is a sport that is not for the faint of heart. As there is no ball involved, the wrestlers must use their bare hands to overcome their opponent. For fans, this can be great because they can view two fighters slugging it out in the ring. This is a sport that relies a lot upon adrenaline. The thrill that viewers get exceeds the average sporting experience. A downside to participating in this sport is that a lot of physical damage can occur to the body. Later in life, ex-wrestlers commonly have permanent physical disabilities that result in them not being able to live a normal life. Many ex-wrestlers end up going off the deep end and doing something bad. Basketball is one of the fastest sports out there. It is played so fast that there is very little time for players to celebrate after they have made a basket, simply because the opposing team is already making their way down the court. The power and skill of some basketball players makes this sport an awesome viewing experience. For spectators, prices can be expensive because of the wealth of the sport. Similar to wrestling, although not quite as much, basketball is a relatively physical sport. The sheer physical size of some of the players means that it is inevitable that physical contact will be part and parcel of the sport. Finally, soccer is often called the beautiful game because of the nice way in which it is played. Just like basketball, soccer is known as a ball sport. Most people consider the sport to be somewhat physical,

The abortion debate Essay Example for Free

The abortion debate Essay Abortion, the premature expulsing of an unborn child from the womb, is one of the most hotly debated issues of our time. On one side of the argument there is the pro-choice community who believe that abortion should be available to all women, and on the other there is the pro-life community who believe that it is the murder of an innocent human. Deciding what side is correct depends on an individual’s religious, scientific and ethical views. Key issues include the moral status of the unborn child, and whether its rights outweigh the mother’s. In examining this multifaceted debate, a good place to start is the Christian perspective. Many of the early church fathers had an existentialist view, where the foetus progressively becomes a person over time. Some are influenced by St Thomas Aquinas who identified the moment of ‘quickening’ as the decision point of development. This key moment is also significant for the formation of the brain and the first appearance of the ‘human icon’, when the foetus begins to look like a human being. Personhood is the main issue here. Humans are beings with human tissue, but persons must have moral status. For example, a baby without a brain could be regarded as a human but not a person. The question of whether or not abortion is murder depends on your definition of personhood. With today’s scientific advancements most Christians no longer accept the views of Aquinas and Aristotle on abortion. Dr. Landrum Shettles, sometimes called the father of In Vitro Fertilization, wrote, â€Å"Conception confers life and makes that life one of a kind.† As with all issues, Christian turn to the Bible to defend their position. Christians believe in the sanctity of life, meaning that all human life is created in God’s image and has intrinsic worth. The most important verse they turn to is part of the Decalogue: do not kill. At face value this may include abortion, but on the other hand, it doesn’t cover the killing of animals or killing in battle. It may not be as absolute as Christians make out. Other verses include an instance in Luke when John the Baptist recognised the presence of Jesus before he was born; this suggests that unborn children are alive and have a degree of awareness before they are born. To quote John Calvin, â€Å"If it seems more horrible to kill a man in his own house, then in a field†¦it ought surely to be deemed more atrocious to destroy a foetus in the womb before it has come to light.† Christian opinion is divided between liberal and conservative perspectives. Conservative churches such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Free Presbyterian Church are against abortion. They believe abortion is murder of the innocent and have respect for human life right from conception. The Catholic Church has an essentialist view of abortion that does not allow for exceptional circumstances, even rape. In the Humanae Vitae of 1968 Pope Pius VI said, â€Å"human life is sacred.† This was followed up with the Declaration on Procured Abortion, 1974, where it states that women’s rights, though good in themselves, cannot be an excuse for abortion when it denies another person the fundamental right to life. On the other hand, some churches have more liberal views. The Methodist Church of Ireland released a document in 2012 that outlines their support for abortion in some circumstances: when the mother’s life is at risk; when her mental or physical health is at risk; in cases of rape and incest and fatal foetal abnormalities. They believe that their view is the most compassionate towards both the mother and child. They do, however, emphasise that they are against abortion on demand. The crux of the document is that while Christians may not agree with abortion, we should respect the separation of church and state when it comes to abortion law. Moving on, abortion is a situation of conflicting rights – many that are pro-choice believe that the rights of the mother are more important than the rights of the child. Proponents of situation ethics would believe that we should look at the circumstances behind an abortion, not the morality of the act. The Church of Englands position that abortion is evil but may be the lesser of two evils is consistent with a situationist approach. Difficult circumstances include when a woman has been raped. There are traumatic and involuntary circumstances surrounding the conception and the continuance of this unwanted pregnancy may well continue the trauma for the mother and her existing family. The foetus should have no claim on the woman unless the woman has consented fully to being pregnant. Another circumstance where a proponent of situation ethics would support abortion is if the mother’s life is at risk – surely it is better to save one life than lose two. Natural law would generally prohibit abortion. Supporters of this theory see the act of sexual intercourse as an efficient cause that brings about the final cause of the production of a human being. Abortion prevents the final cause from being achieved and is therefore immoral. However, there is the doctrine of double effect. While it may be morally permissible to perform a good action that may have a bad outcome, it is morally impermissible to perform a bad action with a good outcome. The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions, but not for secondary or unintended effects of your action. An example of this could be abortion: it may permit indirect therapeutic abortion (such as treating cancer, which may cause death of the foetus) but not direct therapeutic abortion. Prolife Christians often use the acronym SLED when arguing against abortion. This stands for size, level of development, environment and dependency. Starting with size, pro-lifers argue that it is wrong to discriminate against the unborn due to their size. Level of development means that the only difference between the unborn and us is that they are not as developed, but the toddler is not as developed as the adult. This does not mean the toddler is any less. Environment refers to the fact that just because the unborn is within the uterus, that does not mean it has no rights. Why should a 7-inch journey down the birth canal make a difference? Finally, dependency means that just because the unborn is dependent on its mother, it does not imply it should be allowed to be killed. A disabled person may be dependent on others but this does not mean we have the right to kill them. Abortion is much more likely to be supported within the secular realm. Ethicists such as Singer have a utilitarian view of abortion. Singer hold to Preference Utilitarianism which promotes that the preferences of individuals are taken into account except where they come into direct conflict with the preferences of others. For example, if the foetus was diagnosed with a fatal abnormality abortion may be the option that would cause the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. If the parents go through with the pregnancy they will have to suffer the trauma of watching their infant die, or go through a stillbirth. Feminists are usually on the front line in the fight for reproductive rights. They believe women and men are not truly equal until a woman has access to abortion on demand. Some would even support viewing abortion as little more than a method of contraception. A notable feminist is Judith Thomson, author of â€Å"A Defence of Abortion†, uses abstract analogies to promote abortion. One of these is the violinist scenario. In this scenario a woman finds herself involuntarily chained to a famous violinist in a hospital. The violinist is dying and the woman was discovered to have the correct blood type to save him. Therefore she was kidnapped and is now acting as a life support. Thomson asserts that the woman has no moral obligation to remain connected to the violinist, and if she did it would be an extraordinary act of kindness. However, Singer claims that a utilitarian outlook would imply that one is morally obliged to stay connected to the violinist. Ultimately, in countries where abortion is legal abortion should be the choice of the mother. However, abortion is not without its dangers, such as damage to the uterus as well as depression and guilt. With this in mind, abortion may not be as safe as many believe.

Challenges and Opportunities in the UK Labour Market

Challenges and Opportunities in the UK Labour Market 1: The Business dictionary defines the labour market as: The nominal market in which workers find paying work, employers find willing workers, and wage rates are determined. Labour markets may be local or national (even international) in their scope and are made up of smaller, interacting labour markets for different qualifications, skills, and geographical locations. They depend on exchange of information between employers and job seekers about wage rates, conditions of employment, level of competition, and job location. Although not as heavily regulated as many other countries, the UK labour markets are regulated in many different ways, these include protections against oppression and discrimination, enhance efficiency, attribute responsibility, improve health and safety conditions, offers security, cut costs relating to employee/employer opportunism, and encouraging behaviour from employees and employers by imposing costs and rewards. Employment regulations exist to provide flexibility to employers and job and financial security to employees. It is vital in reducing poverty, supporting growth and employment with equity. Some argue the UK is not regulated enough e.g. TUC has called for greater protection in some areas of employment and argued for measures to further support collective bargaining. Whereas, Employers have complained that increased regulation restricts flexibility, particularly in times of economic burden. For regulations to be effective they must be implemented well and enforced. Social partner institutions such as, the Arbitration and Conciliation Advisory Service (Acas), the Low Pay Commission (LPC), the Health and Safety Commission (HSC), and the UK Commission for Skills and Employment (UKCES) regulate and influence the labour market via intervention and enforcement, to improve practices within the workplace. Regulation can also exist in the form of accreditation, e.g. a licence is required to perform a particular service. The number of professionals within the UK continues to expand. In 2014 roughly 24% of workers were classified professionals. Regulation has brought an end to the closed shop, restricted the ability to strike, and trade union governance. Although employers complain about regulation, it is recognised that it provides them with a level playing field in the market place. The UK economy is recovering, all be it slower than before. Recovery has not been helped by financial problems within the Eurozone, impacting on export markets. However, employment has now surpassed pre-recession peaks in terms of jobs (2012) and hours worked (2013). More recently there has been an increase in the number of jobs at both the top and the bottom of the job market, with significant fall in skilled trades in the middle resulting in an hourglass labour market. Although long term unemployment has increased, the UK has been relatively successful at keeping people in employment; employment rate, generally increasing each year since 2012, climbing to 73.7% (ONS 2015). Unemployment rates have fallen, however those with low skill levels and the young being more harshly hit. Youth unemployment has fallen sharply, and stands at around 22%. (UKES 2014). Although it should be remembered that substantially more young individuals are staying on in education, and enter the labour market much later than in the past, as graduates. The number of self employed has continued to grow, equating to 83% of net gains in employment since 2007 (Ashworth et al 2014). However, earnings with this sector have also dropped considerably. In addition to the growing self employed, the UK has also seen a substantial increase in other less secure employment. Since 2010 there has been a 50% increase in temporary work, zero our contracts, and government training schemes (OECD 2013). Employment within administrative and secretarial roles, and low skilled manual roles, continue to decline in many industries as technology advances. The world is becoming smaller, and many tasks/roles becoming automated. Many employees will find it necessary to retrain to keep up with technology advances and the changes it inevitably brings. Technology enables change, cost savings, and investment. Employees can now work from anywhere in the country/world quickly and efficiently, with the Financial Services, Specialist Engineering, and I.T. being amongst the industries leading growth and all greatly dependant on technology. There has been an increase of higher skilled workers commanding higher pay, within some industries; these include advanced manufacturing, creative and digital sectors (HM Treasury, 2011). Evidence shows those with higher skills and qualifications are more likely to remain employed; high-lighting the importance of high skills on job market outcomes. Research shows a drop in real wages of roughly 2% each year since 2010. (UKES 2014). By the end of 2013, real wages were roughly at levels of a decade previous. Removal of the default retirement age and changes to pension schemes, has seen individuals working longer, putting pressures on employers to ensure their policies and practices relate to older employees, and older employees needing to constantly retrain to meet the demands of different roles across their working life. There has been a drop of 19,000 people on Government supported training programmes. Public sector employment has also fallen, with numbers at lowest levels since comparable records began in 1999. However there has been a significant increase within private sector. Although it still exists there has been a reduction in the gender pay gap. IFS research shows an average difference in womens pay compared to means is 18%. This increases again after women have children. Freedom of movement within an ever growing EU, in addition to an increase in migration from outside the EU, has brought a large number of migrants into the UK looking for work; the number of non-UK nationals employed in the UK grew from 986,000 to 3.22 million 2015) between September 1997 and 2015. Many of which are employed in low-skilled work. Women, people from minority ethnic groups, people with disabilities, and those aged under 25 and over 55 years are all more likely to be either unemployed or economically inactive (Brewer et al., 2012). More women in the workplace, with more part time roles, and family friendly policies available. 1971 37% climbing to 69% by September 2015. The number of employed has increased to just over 4.1 million between 1992 and 2013; those over-50 increasing by 3.2 million, under-25s falling by almost 800,000. By 2013 the number of over 50s increased to 29% from 21% in 1992. 16 to 64 year-olds with a degree or higher-level qualification increased to +20% in the last 20 years. 2014, approximately 24% of employees were classified as professionals in the UK. Goods and services traded globally, are now five times the value in 1980. 2: Employment relationships are both an economic exchange (agreement to give wages for work) and a power relation (employee agrees to accept the employers authority). The psychological contract (Rousseau 1995), relies upon reciprocal expectations between the employer and employee being met. If violated employees may become de-motivated, and inefficient. Organisations have a huge variety of methods available to them, which involve the employee in the decision making process, making them feel valued and motivated which in turn, supports both the traditional and the psychological contract, enabling a positive working relationship, innovation, and high performing teams, these include: Participation empowers and motivates the employee by involving them in decision making. Teams are also trusted to make decisions for themselves, and encouraged to take responsibility for the quality of their own work. Examples include project groups, whereby employees are delegated resposnisbility to make important decisions, suggestion schemes providing employees with a channel to make comments and put forward new ideas, delegation of responsibility to employees at all levels, particulalry those on the front line and multi directional decision making allowing decisions to feed not only top down, but upwards and sideways too. Employee participation is also sometimes referred to as Employee Involvement. Employee Involvement is the level of employee contribution. A one-on-one approach between employee and management. Employee is involved throughout the decision-making process, therefore encouraging employee ownership. Information is the methods used by organisations to communicate information to their employees e.g. newsletters, information pinned to notice boards, informal networking, emails, and a combination of cascaded briefings, face-to-face communication from senior management and employee representatives. Consultation is the process used by organisations toconsult both directly with their employees, via face-to-face upwards communication, or staff surveys for example, and indirectly via employee representatives. e.g. Joint consultation review issues deemed to be of common interest/ importance to all parties, at unionised/non-union workplaces, predominantly private sector Collective representation Predominantly in public sector and some large private sector businesses. Involves negotiation between employee representatives (unionised/non union) and senior management on pay and other conditions of employment. Partnership schemes employee representatives and employers stress mutual gains. Tackle issues via co-operation. There is a high commitment to sharing information. Employee forums groups of mixed groups unionised/non-union employees meet with managers to share information and consultation. Employees can have a significant influence on the outcome. Partnership working is where employers and employees and/or their representatives work collaboratively to make decisions and plan actions. Partnership can take shape in a formal agreement between an employer and a trade union, but it is also used to refer to a way of working in co-operation (Reilly, 2001). Employee relations today, includes both collective and individual relationships, with alternative direct and indirect channels for employee voice emerging, including communication and involvement via team briefings, staff surveys, project working groups, social media, joint consultation, collective bargaining etc. Although union membership within the UK has fallen since 1980s, and employment relations without the involvement of unions is the norm within some industries, collective bargaining still has a considerable influence on European labour regulations. Typically where an organisation is unionised a significant number of employees will be members. Unions will bargain on behalf of the employee, and/or intervene with disputes between employees and management. As they represent large number of employees they are much harder for management to ignore. They can also protect the employee from victimisation. Another major benefit of belonging to a unionised organisation is that management can be legally bound to take procedures more seriously. In addition, unions have the power to threaten industrial action. Trade unions are still a strong force, primarily in the public sector, and large private sector companies. The majority of working population however, do not have access to union representation. Some parts of the public sector do not recognise trade unions; impacting on collective bargaining, representation in grievance, disciplinary matters etc, within large parts of the private sector. Smaller firms use more informal relations for consultation, using intermediaries offering advice primarily on the internet and in publications. However, many small firms operate without procedures and as such can lead to inconsistencies in employment relations. Non-union consultative committees are becoming common place in private sector, filling part of the gap generated by the decline in collective bargaining; the consultation process giving access to management enabling dialogue. In redundancy situations where no trade unions is recognised, non-union employee representatives must be advised and consulted of redundancies of +20 employees is proposed within a 30 day period. Bryson found that direct voice makes a particular difference in union settings suggesting that more channels makes for an employee voice with more impact. Elgar defines employee voice as the ways and means through which employees attempt to have a say and potentially influence organisational affairs about issues that affect their work and the interests of managers and owners. With a mixture of direct and indirect consultation and communication methods leading to higher levels of commitment, job satisfaction and job discretion. Initially employee voice was firmly equated with trade unions and collective bargaining, but more recently is viewed as a broad range of methods enabling employees to have a say about their organisation; it can be via both formal and informal systems, direct individual channels or indirect collective representation (CIPD 2010). Mechanisms can include one-to-one conversation between employee and employer, email communication, work/project groups, social events, suggestion schemes, profit-sharing, employee consultative committees and trade union representation. Research generally supports the notion that employee voice is beneficial to the working relationship of both the individual and the organisation; where employees are allowed to express their views and opinions, put forward suggestions for improvements, they feel recognised and valued. Data shows employee,employer relationships improve as trust increases and employee engagement and in turn performance increases. (Morrison et al. 2011). Farndale et al. (2011), argues that employee voice enables employees to communicate their views, and creates the belief that their contributions are valued, creating a level of respect and trust for their managers. Employee voice allows employees to feel recognised, listened to and valued, conversely, if no mechanisms for employee voice exist, or employees believe their views will have little or no influence it is likely to affect their attitudes and relationship with management (Farndale et al 2011). Truss et al. (2006) argues that one of the major drivers of employee engagement is employees being able to feed their opinions upwards. Research therefore suggests that there is likely to be a link between employee perceptions of voice and engagement, and increased engagement is proven to increase performance. 3: Organisational misbehaviour is defined as any intentional action made by members of an organisation that defies and violates shared organisational norms and expectations, and/or core societal values, mores and standards of proper conduct. (Yoav Vardi and Yoash Wiener 1996). Misbehaviour can be both minor e.g. poor timekeeping, and major e.g. stealing company resources. It can be internal and external, with the main aim being to hurt/damage others or the organisation, e.g. mistreatment, disruption and theft. Misbehaviour usually occurs where an employee: feels that they have been unfairly treated, unclear of job role bullying and harassment in workplace lack of training lack of equality and choose to repay this perceived unfairness by mibehaving. Misbehaviour inevitably leads to more management controls. Conflict in the workplace can take many forms including: an employee becoming withdrawn from the organisation, two workers who are not getting on, employee representatives and management at stand-off, an employee with a grievance, rivalry between teams, or a lack of trust and co-operation between employees and management. Where conflict exists, an organisation may experience a drop in motivation and in turn a drop in productivity, increased absenteeism, and increased negativity on staff surveys, and a general change in behaviour. By listening to employee views can help identify conflict, and take action to prevent the conflict becoming a problem. If conflict is not managed it can lead to strike action or even tribunal claims; Intervention at an early stage by management is crucial. When negotiation cannot resolve a workplace dispute industrial action typically follows. The three main forms of industrial action are: strike action short of a strike work to rule, overtime ban, or go slow lock-out the employer stops employees from working Official industrial action is authorised by the trade union. Employees have a minimum level of protection. Employees have additional protection where the union has appropriately balloted its members. Unofficial industrial action is action which has not been endorsed by any trade union. There is usually no right to argue unfair dismissal, if dismissed whilst taking part in unofficial action. Some conflicts are extremely visible. e.g., a heated exchange between two employees, or a stand off between management and an employee representative, and may result in misbehaviour. Organisational misbehaviour is defined as any intentional action made by members of an organisation that defies and violates shared organisational norms and expectations, and/or core societal values, mores and standards of proper conduct. (Vardi and Wiener 1996). e.g unauthorised absence, pilfering or sabotage. Conflict that is ignored will frequently escalate Recent industrial action trends are: Increase in private sector strikes however public sector lost significantly more days due to large scale strikes A decline in collective conflict increase in individual conflict, including strike, grievance or disciplinary measures Significant drop in strikes since 1980s mainly due to reduced trade union density and collective bargaining, and partnership working with employers. (WERS) average days lost fell to 0.5 million by 21st century 1999 employment tribunal cases soared +100,000, peaking again in 2006/7 with 132,500 applications Pay is the principal cause of labour disputes with the exception of 2009/2010, principal cause was redundancy The number of ballots up to 650, from 484 in 2013. Increase in multiple claims. Majority relating to equal pay claims against local authorities due to 1997 national agreement to seek single status of pay across employees. It is vital that managers are trained to enable them to deal with conflict. To help managers handle conflict they should: be trained to recognise signs of conflict, handle difficult conversations, manage absence, mediation and negotiation skills speak to their employees and letting them speak freely investigate conflict situations, and give sufficient time to finding resolution encourage open communication and expression of views in meetings and appraisals for example recognise the importance of feelings listen to what their employees are saying identify development and training opportunities explain and include employees in planning treat all employees fairly ensure safe working conditions have clear procedures particularly discipline, grievance, dispute procedures, absence and bullying and harrassment to ensure consistency write mediation into contracts of employment and/or grievance and disciplinary procedures identify when outside help is needed Third party involvement Where a dispute cannot be resolved using negotiation, unions and management may agree to approach Acas to resolve the dispute using conciliation, via independent support and advice. 70% cases who used ACAS, were settled or withdrawn before proceeding to an Employment Tribunal. Conciliation is used when a potential or an actual claim has been made to an employment tribunal. An impartial, independent person supporting two or more people in dispute to resolve their differences. Parties are not required to come face to face, as can be conducted over the phone. Pre-Claim Conciliation(PCC) saves time, money and stress. It promotes a quick solution for the employer and employee which may help to avoid a permanent breakdown in the relationship. Mediation is the most widespread form of conflict resolution. It is a form of early intervention and involves an impartial, independent person, or trained employee supporting two individuals/groups reach resolution, and maintain working relationships. Mediation does not make any judgments or determine the outcomes. They use appropriate tried and tested techniques to get people talking and listening and help determine the underlying causes of the problem. The mediator will try to get the parties to compromise and protect their working relationship for the future. The plus side of this method is, it can improve communication between parties, get them talking again when relationship had broken down, it is without prejudice and is flexible so resolution can be tailored to fit. However, the downside of this method includes, success is determined by how competent the mediator, it may not protect legal rights, and is relient on employee full co-operation and good faith, if pertinent parties are missing the process is weakened. Arbitration is a dispute which is settled by an independent person who considers everyones point of view and then issues a decision which is binding. An employee who believes they have been unfairly dismissed, has a complaint under the flexible working regulations, may have their complaint heard by an independent arbitrator who is appointed by Acas, if both sides agree. The plus side of this process is, it is completely confidential, it is formal and therefore minimises bad faith, it is quicker than the courts as there is less backlog, and the process is much shorter and therefore much less expensive. On the downside, success is dependent upon the arbitrator, right of appeal is limited, and confidentiality is not suitable in all disputes. Government has hi-lighted the importance of mediation in the workplace and extended the use of conciliation in-order to encourage the resolution of workplace disputes. 2012/13, over half of the cases (22,630) referred to PCC were resolved with less than a third progressing to tribunal (Acas, 2013). References ACAS. (2008). Conflict_at_work. Available: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/f/j/Acas_Research_Conflict_at_work_03_08-accessible-version-July-2011.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. ACAS. (2014). Managing Conflict and Resolving Individual Employment Disputes in the Contemporary Workplace. Available: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/6/9/reframing_policy_paper_FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. ACAS. (2016). Disputes and conflict in the workplace. Available: http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1662. Last accessed 25.09.16. ACAS. (2014). Workplace Dispute Resolution and the Management of Individual Conflict . Available: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/q/a/0614-Workplace-Dispute-Resolution-Thematic-Review.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. Alessandra Sgubini, Mara Prieditis Andrea Marighetto. (2004). Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation: differences and similarities from an International and Italian business perspective. Available: http://www.mediate.com/articles/sgubinia2.cfm. Last accessed 25.09.16. Anne Sharpe. (2014). Early Conciliation. Available: http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4018. Last accessed 25.09.16. CIPD. (2012). Managing employee relations in difficult times. Available: https://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/managing-employee-relations-in-difficult-times_2012.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. CIPD. (2015). Employment Regulations and the market. Available: https://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/employment-regulation-and-themarket_2015.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. CIPD. (2010). Voice and engagement: how does collective consultation contribute? . Available: http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/5149_Voice_and_engagement.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. Craig Holmes and Ken Mayhew. (2012). The Changing Shape of the UK Job Market. Available: http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Changing-Shape-of-the-UK-Job-Market.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. DifferenceBetween.com. (2014). difference-between-employee-involvement-and-vs-employee-participation. Available: http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-employee-involvement-and-vs-employee-participation/. Last accessed 25.09.16. Rees, C., Alfes, K . and Gatenby, M. . (2013). Employee voice and engagement: connections and consequences. Available: https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/23168236/postprint_IJHRM_2013.pdf. Last accessed 25.09.16. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/labor-market.html https://www.cipd.co.uk/Images/employment-regulation-and-the-labour-market_2015_tcm18-10238.pdf https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/343448/The_Labour_Market_Story-_An_Overview.pdf http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2014/08/The-Changing-Shape-of-the-UK-Job-Market.pdf www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social-trends/social-trends-41labour-market.pdf https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/aug/23/gender-pay-gap-average-18-per-cent-less-uk-women http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/427.pdf http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/427.pdf https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/23168236/postprint_IJHRM_2013.pdf http://www2.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/333391D9-A8E3-4AC7-A4E1-50B8ECE66E38/0/9781843982685_sc.pdf Bibliography CIPD. (2014). managing-an-age-diverse-workforce. Available: https://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/managing-an-age-diverse-workforce_2014.PDF. Last accessed 25.09.16. CIPD. (2016). employment-law-developments. Available: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/employment-law-developments.aspx. Last accessed 25.09.16. Hempsons. (2016). official-or-unofficial?. Available: http://www.hempsons.co.uk/official-or-unofficial/. Last accessed 25.09.16. Office for National Statistics. (2016). Employment and Labour Market. Available: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandmarket. Last accessed 25.09.16. UK Essays. (2015). https://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/union-and-non-union-forms-of-employee-representation-commerce. Available: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/union-and-non-union-forms-of-employee-representation-commerce-essay.php. Last accessed 25.09.16. https://www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/43280231.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a9eed915d3cfd00085c/RAND_WR957.pdf

The Red Tent - An Unforgettable Testimony to Women’s Strength and Power

The Red Tent - An Unforgettable Testimony to Women’s Strength and Power The Red Tent by Anita Diamant illuminates one of the greatest testimonies to women’s strength: childbirth. On a creative level, Diamant did something extraordinary. She took a small passage from the Bible about the character Dinah, and made her story into an unforgettable testimony to women’s strength and power. Overlooking women’s role in Biblical life is easy because there is practically nothing written by or about women. Even though Diamant’s story is fictionalized, there is truth in showing that women did exist, that there was a very important role played by women of that time period, and in showing the power and strength of women in a way that can never be forgotten. Images inspired by Diamant’s work flooded my conscious. Perhaps I was experiencing flashes of my rememory, my collective unconscious coming to life on the paper in front of me. However, it was not just The Red Tent providing me with stimulation, but other works such as Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Ntozake Shange’s for colored girls who have considered suicide/ when the rainbow is enuf, Mary Oliver’s â€Å"The Fish,† Judy Chicago’s â€Å"The Dinner Party† and The Book of Genesis. Each work embodied themes of childbirth and motherhood to self-love and social standing, in which I could find connections that affected me creatively. Aesthetically, I intended my visual art to be full and consistent in texture and fecund in my use of sensuous lines. My hope is to celebrate women and the strength that comes from battling adversity, challenge, victimization and in actualizing the power of childbirth. In all of these works, a connection is made: th ese are stories of women that need to be remembered and cel... ...or the strength and power that they possess. Inspired by other great women artists, my intent was to capture that strength and power brought to life through their words. In a world where women’s lives, contributions and powers are easily overlooked and forgotten, my hope is to give a voice to the strength of women. Works Cited Diamant, Anita. The Red Tent. New York: Picador, 1997. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Oliver, Mary. â€Å"The Fish.† Twelve Moons. Little, Brown and Co., 1979. Shange, Ntozake. â€Å"for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf.† Ed. 1st Collier Books. Ntozake Shange: New York, 1977. Sullivan, Stephanie. The Dinner Party. N.pag. On-line. Internet. 7 May 2001 Available WWW: http://public.csusm.edu/public/thedinnerparty/index.html The Catholic Study Bible, The Book of Genesis.

Computer Generated Evidence in Court :: Computers Technology Courtroom Essays

Computer Generated Evidence in Court Introduction We are living in what is usually described as an 'information society' and as the business community makes ever greater use of computers the courts are going to find that increasingly the disputes before them turn on evidence which has at some stage passed through or been processed by a computer. In order to keep in step with this practice it is vital that the courts are able to take account of such evidence. As the Criminal Law Revision Committee recognised, 'the increasing use of computers by the Post Office, local authorities, banks and business firms to store information will make it more difficult to prove certain matters such as cheque card frauds, unless it is possible for this to be done from computers' (CLRC 1972, para 259). Admissibility The law of evidence is concerned with the means of proving the facts which are in issue and this necessarily involves the adduction of evidence which is then presented to the court. The law admits evidence only if it complies with the rules governing admissibility. Computer output is only admissible in evidence where special conditions are satisfied. These conditions are set out in detail in section 69 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 (see further Nyssens 1993, Reed 1993 and Tapper 1993). In general the principles of admissibility are that the evidence must be relevant to the proof of a fact in issue, to the credibility of a witness or to the reliability of other evidence, and the evidence must not be inadmissible by virtue of some particular rule of law (Keane 1994, pp 15-20; Tapper 1990, pp 51- 61). Real evidence usually takes the form of some material object (including computer output) produced for inspection in order that the court may draw an inference from its own observation as to the existence, condition or value of the object in question. Although real evidence may be extremely valuable as a means of proof, little if any weight attaches to it unless accompanied by testimony which identifies the object in question and explains its connection with, or significance in relation to, the facts in issue or relevant to the issue. This is illustrated in the case of R v Wood (1982) 76 Cr App R 23 where the appellant was convicted of handling stolen metals. In order to prove that metal found in his possession and metal retained from the stolen consignment had the same chemical composition cross-checking was undertaken and the figures produced were subjected to a laborious mathematical process in order that the percentage

Guidelines Research Paper

GUIDLINES? FOR? WRITING? A? RESEARCH? PAPER? ? ? RESEARCH? (Where? to? find? primary? and? secondary? material)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Evaluate? sources? you? find? according? to? authority,? accuracy,? and? currency.? ? ? PLAGIARISM? (How? not? to? use? research? material)? ? University? of? Innsbruck? library? (ALEPH? library? catalogue)? Humanities? library? (Bruno? Sander? Haus,? ground? floor)? Databases:? Many? databases? can? only? be? accessed? via? the? university? network.? Use? a? computer? at? the? university? or? install? a? VPN? client? to? log? on? to? the? system.? You? find? the? portal? to? access? databases? on? the? university? ibrary? website:? http://ub. uibk. ac. at.? Some? databases? provide? full? text? material,? others? provide? sources? for? articles? and? books? which? you? have? to? cross? check? with? the? library? holdings.? The? most? important? databases? for? research? in? American? Studies? are:? o MLA? International? Bibliography? o Metalib? o JSTOR? o Ac ademic? Search? Premier? (via? EBSCO? host)? o Contemporary? Authors? o Literature? Online? o Periodicals? Index? Online? Video? Archive:? The? Department? of? American? Studies? has? its? own? video? archive? where? DVDs? and? videos? can? be? checked? out? free.? Check? the? department’s? ebsite? for? more? information.? Internet:? Well? used,? the? Internet? can? be? a? great? source? for? your? research.? However,? always? double? check? the? quality? of? websites,? the? provider,? and? the? author’s? expertise? and? authority.? The? rule? of? thumb? is:? If? you? cannot? find? all? the? information? you? need? for? a? complete? and? decent? bibliographic? entry,? it? is? not? a? source? worth? using.? Plagiarism? is? the? use? of? other? people’s? research? achievements? or? ideas? and? passing? them? on? as? your? own? or? using? them? without? proper? acknowledgement.? Sources? must? be? provided? for? direct? quotes,? ummaries,? and? paraphrases? of? oth er? people’s? work? or? ideas.? For? details? on? how? to? avoid? plagiarism? see? chapter? 2? of? the? MLA? Handbook.? Course? instructors? have? access? to? tools? that? reveal? plagiarism.? Students? who? plagiarize? will? be? failed. ? ? TOPIC/THESIS? (What? your? paper? should? focus? on)? ? Before? you? start? writing:? ? Find? a? topic? ? Choose? a? focus? ? Phrase? a? research? question? ? Phrase? your? thesis? statement? (which? should? be? included? in? your? introduction)? Information? that? is? not? important? for? your? thesis? statement? does? not? belong? in? your? paper.? Therefore,? void? lengthy? information? about? authors,? plots,? characters,? periods,? genres,? etc.? Focus? on? information? that? answers? your? research? question(s)? and? that? is? essential? to? prove? your? thesis? statement.? ? ? FORMAT? (What? you? paper? should? look? like? when? you? hand? it? in)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? c.? schwarz? Din? A4? format? double? spaced? (everything,? includin g? footnotes? and? bibliography)? margins? (standard? margins,? i. e.? 2. 5? cm? on? each? side) font? size:? 12? page? numbers? on? the? top? or? bottom? of? each? page,? preceded? by? your? last? name? The? length? of? papers? required? may? vary? and? is? efined? by? your? course? instructor.? General? guidelines? are? 10? 15? pages? (3,000? 5,000? words)? for? proseminar? papers,? 15? 20? pages? (5,000? 7,000? words)? for? seminar? papers,? and? 80? 120? pages? (26,000? 40,000? words)? for? diploma? theses.? Before? you? start? writing,? make? sure? o your? word? processing? program? is? switched? to? â€Å"English†? (in? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Language†;? this? way? quotation? marks? will? appear? correctly? as? â€Å"textâ€Å"? instead? of? „textâ€Å")? 1? ? o o the? spell? checker? is? switched? on? (in? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Spelling? and? Grammar†? and? then? â€Å"Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )? German? auto? orrections? are? disabled,? e. g.? Word? often? auto? corrects? â€Å"its†? to? â€Å"ist†? (to? edit? this? function? enter? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Auto? Corrections†? and? delete? the? entry? from? the? list)? ? When? you? hand? in? papers,? the? sheets? should? be? pinned? together? with? a? paperclip? or? simply? put? into? a? file? jacket.? Do? NOT? put? every? single? sheet? into? a? sheet? protector!? Do? NOT? put? papers? into? expensive? binders,? portfolios,? or? folders! ? ? STRUCTURE? (How? your? paper? should? be? structured)? ? Research? paper? with? chapters? Research? paper? without? chapters? ? title? page? ? title? page? table? of? content? ? text? ? introduction? o introduction? ? chapters? o main? body ? conclusion? o conclusion? ? bibliography? /? list? of? works? cited? ? bibliography? /? list? of? works? cited? ? appendix? (if? applicable)? ? appendix? (if? applicable)? ? Start? a? new? page? after? the? cover? page,? the? table? of? content,? and? the? conclusion? (and? the? bibliography? if? you? have? an? appendix).? Do? not? start? a? new? page? for? every? single? chapter!? ? Information? that? belongs? on? a? title? page:? ? title? of? the? paper? ? course? information? (title,? number,? semester,? name? of? course? instructor)? ? student? nformation? (full? name,? student? number,? study? code,? e? mail? address)? ? date? of? submission? ? (There? is? no? page? number? on? the? front? page,? even? though? it? counts? as? a? page. )? ? ? GENERAL? POINTS? TO? CONSIDER? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Try? to? be? very? specific? in? your? writing;? avoid? generalizations.? Stick? to? general? composition? guidelines,? i. e.? how? to? structure? paragraphs? (e. g.? usually? there? is? no? such? thing? as? a? one? sentence? paragraph? in? an? academic? paper;? start? a? paragraph? with? a? topic? sentence? and? build? your? argument? from? there).? Stick? to? the? academic? register? and? do? ot? include ? colloquial? expressions? or? words.? Be? as? specific? and? explicit? in? your? statements? as? possible? but? do? not? state? the? very? obvious? in? terms? of? what? you? do,? use,? and? analyze? in? your? paper.? E. g.? do? NOT? write:? â€Å"I? am? going? to? do? this? by? analyzing? the? primary? text? and? consulting? secondary? sources? on? the? text†;? or? â€Å"The? final? chapter? is? followed? by? a? conclusion,? which? summarizes? all? the? main? arguments? brought? forward? in? the? discussion†;? or? â€Å"After? the? conclusion,? a? list? of? works? cited? includes? all? the? references. †? Those? things? are? obvious!? It? is? ermissible? to? use? â€Å"I†? in? academic? papers? on? a? limited? basis? (e. g.? â€Å"In? this? paper? I? will? argue? that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).? If? possible,? however,? use? passive? constructions? or? other? expressions? (e. g.? â€Å"The? aim? of? this? paper? is? to? show? that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? or? â€Å"It? ha s? been? argued? that†).? Avoid? expressions? like? â€Å"The? author? of? this? article? thinks? that†? (use? â€Å"I†? instead)? or? â€Å"as? we? have? shown†? (if? there? is? only? one? single? author).? Make? sure? you? note? down? the? bibliographical? information? of? all? sources? you? consult? for? your? research? to? avoid? plagiarism.? While? you? do? your? research,? keep? a? orking? bibliography? that? helps? you? keep? track? of? all? material? used? and? allows? you? to? go? back? to? sources,? e. g.? to? check? quotations.? ? ? QUOTATION? GUIDELINES? (How? to? include? quotes? in? your? text)? ? ? c.? schwarz? ? Use? parenthetical? documentation,? i. e.? include? the? author’s? name? and? page? reference? right? after? the? quote,? summary,? or? paraphrase.? The? idea? of? performance? art? is? to? â€Å"turn? to? the? body? as? material? for? art†? (Goldberg? 7).? Note? that? the? punctuation? mark? goes? AFTER? the? parenthe sis.? ? Always? use? the? exact? name? or? title? under? which? a? work? is? listed? n? the? bibliography.? Parenthetical? reference? for? two? or? more? authors:? (Gilbert? and? Gubar? 127)? 2? ? ? ? ? (Rabkin,? Greenberg,? and? Oleander? 25)? (Lauter? et? al.? 1584? 87)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? source:? (Brown? 26;? Fukuyama? 42;? Armstrong,? Yang,? and? Cuneo? 80? 82)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? author? with? the? same? last? name:? (C.? Brown? 26;? M.? Brown? 52)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? source? by? one? author:? (Frye,? Anatomy? 13)? (Frye,? Doubt? Vision? 56)? Parenthetical? reference? for? work? listed? under? title? n? the? bibliography:? (Special? Report? 3)? ? If? someone? else? is? quoted? in? a? secondary? source,? use? the? abbreviation? â€Å"qtd.? in†:? As? the? reporter? Casey? Burko? puts? it:? â€Å"The? story? speaks? to? us,? and? we? respond†? (qtd.? in? Buckman? 35).? ? Use? single? quotation? marks? for? a? quote? within? a? quote:? â€Å"‘It’s? a? good? thing? we? stopped,’? the? dark? man? said? huskily†? (Gardner? 47).? ? If? a? direct? quotation? is? longer? than? three? lines,? set? it? apart:? ? The? following? quote? illustrates? the? transcendence? of? time? through? literature:? ? We? read? the? verses? of? one? of? the? great? English? oets,? of? Chaucer,? of? Marvell,? of? Dryden,? with? the? most? modern? joy? –? with? a? pleasure,? I? mean,? which? is? in? great? part? caused? by? the? abstraction? of? all? time? from? their? verses.? (Emerson? 50? 51)? ? ? ? ? Note? that? the? punctuation? mark? goes? BEFORE? the? parenthetical? reference? in? this? case? and? that? NO? quotation? marks? are? used.? ? Punctuation? marks? with? quotations? o No? punctuation? if? the? quote? is? part? of? the? sentence:? People? consider? watching? TV? news? as? a? â€Å"form? of? modern? civic? duty†? (Lewis? 26).? o Colon? or? comma? if? it? is? independent? from? the? structure? of? he? main? sentence:? Schopenhauer? holds? a? bold? view:? â€Å"Music? [†¦]? is? in? the? highest? degree? a? universal? language†? (qtd.? in? Nietzsche? 99).? â€Å"Music,†? according? to? Schopenhauer,? â€Å"[†¦]? is? in? the? highest? degree? a? universal? language†? (qtd.? in? Nietzsche? 99).? ? Alterations? to? original? quotes:? o Leaving? something? out:? [†¦]? He? notes? that? â€Å"we? read? the? verses? [†¦]? with? the? most? modern? joy†? (Emerson? 50)? o Adding? something:? [addition]? Even? harsh? critics? acknowledge? that? â€Å"[s]ometimes,? it? [the? fictional? form]? serves? simply? as? the? framework? for? developing? an? argument†? (Faber? and?Sherry? 831).? o Adding? an? emphasis:? italics? (emphasis? added)? â€Å"Ours? is? a? world? that? is? both? everywhere? and? nowhere,? but? it? is? not? where? bodies? live†? (Barlow;? emp hasis? added).? o Indicating? an? error? in? the? original:? [sic]? â€Å"The? Business? of? Printing? has? chiefly? to? do? with? Mens? [sic]? Opinions†? (Franklin? qtd.? in? Burns? 95).? ? Footnotes? and? endnotes? are? only? used? as? content? notes,? i. e.? to? include? additional? information? that? does? not? belong? in? the? text? itself.? ? c.? schwarz? Also,? he? did? not? regard? the? professional? blues? as? a? threat? to? the? folk? blues,? but? as? ? development? of? the? same? tradition? under? new,? urban? circumstances. 1? 1? In? â€Å"songs? Called? the? Blues,†? Hughes? emphasized? that? he? saw? the? blues? as? â€Å"city? songs? ? rising? from? the? crowded? streets? of? big? towns,†? and? as? â€Å"today? songs,? here? and? now†? (159;? Hughes's? emphases).? ? Hurston? gives? a? list? of? the? most? significant? contributions. 2? 2? The? examples? in? the? following? paragraph? are? taken? from? Hurston? 176.? ? 3? WRITING? AND? PUN CTUATION? GUIDELINES? ? ? ? ? Be? consistent? with? your? spelling? and? punctuation? throughout? the? paper? Do? NOT? se? abbreviations? and? avoid? short? versions:? I? am? (I’m),? we? are? (we’re),? do? not? (don’t),? will? not? (won’t),? cannot? (can’t),? they? have? (they’ve),? etc.? Capitalize? every? word? in? titles,? except? articles,? prepositions,? and? conjunctions.? Separate? a? title? from? a? subtitle? with? a? colon? (unless? it? ends? with? â€Å"? †? or? â€Å"! †).? â€Å"The? American? Declaration? of? Independence:? Narrative? Horizons? of? a? Text? in? Con? Text†? â€Å"Teaching? American? Studies? Abroad:? The? European? Experience†? Whose? Music A? Sociology? of? Musical? Language? Bringing? It? All? Back? Home:? Essays? on? Cultural? Studies?